Hegemonic and emerging concepts of conservation: a critical examination of barriers to incorporating Indigenous perspectives in protected area conservation policies and practice

Indigenous peoples and tourism: the challenges and opportunities for sustainable tourism

“…The interdependency between Indigenous peoples' economic development, cultural values and their connection to traditional lands and natural resources, is further explored in the next three papers: Koot (2016), Shultis and Heffner (2016) and Walker and Moscardo (2016). Koot (2016) presents findings from ethnographic field-work that highlights the raw, hard truth of the long-lasting impacts of colonization and neoliberal capitalism.…”

“…Other contributions present research that ranges from visitors' experiences of Indigenous events (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2016) to reflections on how policy-makers or managers can influence the recognition of Indigenous cultural manifestations and values within tourism settings including protected natural areas (Hillmer-Pegram, 2016;Shultis & Heffner, 2016;Walker & Moscardo, 2016). Contributors also posit research questions that are the outcome of direct collaboration with Indigenous peoples (Espeso-Molinero, Carlisle, & Pastor-Alfonso, 2016; Holmes, Grimwood, King, & the Lutsel K'e Dene First Nation, 2016; Reggers et al, 2016;Whitney-Squire, 2016).…”

Indigenous Protected and Conserved Areas (IPCAs), Aichi Target 11 and Canada’s Pathway to Target 1: Focusing Conservation on Reconciliation

“…Many well-established and world-renowned national parks in Canada, such as Banff, Jasper, and Riding Mountain National Parks, as well as provincial parks such as Quetico in Ontario, were founded on and continue to struggle with a legacy of colonial dispossession of Indigenous peoples [23][24][25][26]. The creation of these defined regions, which continue to act as conservation enclosures, not only intentionally removed Indigenous peoples from their lands and dispossessed them of their territories, but also perpetuated the illusion of "wilderness" as being pure and devoid of human life and influence [27]. This "wilderness" model of national parks concurrently advanced capitalist enterprises such as sport hunting, recreation, and tourism, while excluding Indigenous peoples as beneficiaries in any capacity or form [9,23].…”

“…Concepts of pristine nature and wilderness are often considered central to many conservation approaches, including protected areas designation and management. This paradigm has been underpinned by a static and linear view of nature, the concept of wilderness, and the equation of human presence with ecosystem degradation [27]. Until relatively recently, the underlying assumptions and philosophies guiding the designation of protected areas were not adequately acknowledged or explored [9,67].…”

Wilderness protected areas : management guidelines for IUCN category 1b protected areas

“…This type of management is essential to protect the special qualities of these sites. Management practices should be adjusted to allow sacred and traditional practices to be observed wherever appropriate (Shultis & Heffner, 2016 (Clark, 2003). As with many sacred places, only certain aspects of the area's spiritual values can be discussed publicly (see Section 4.9).…”