Heavy metals stress, mechanism and remediation techniques in rice (Oryza sativa L.): A review

Abstract

The rapid pace of urbanization and industrialization makes soil and environment polluted, which may cause a severe issue of food chain contamination. Discharge of heavy metal(oid)s from industrial and municipal wastewater streams, and groundwater contamination causes a reduction in crop yields, degradation of soils and ruin quality. Cultivated Asian rice and heavy metal(oid)s have two ways of interaction, either heavy metal(oid)s accumulation cause harmful effects on rice crop or rice plants possess their resistance mechanism to protect against the toxic effects of heavy metal(oid)s, their uptake, and translocation also detoxify the heavy metal(oids) contamination. Besides, several inorganic (liming and silicon) and organic (compost and biochar) amendments have been applied in the soils to reduce/immobilize heavy metal(oid)s stress in rice. Selection/development of rice varieties resistant to heavy metals stress and bioaccumulation, crop rotation, water management and exogenous application of microbes could be a reasonable approach to alleviate heavy metal(oid)s toxicity in rice. This article review that heavy metals, such as aluminum, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, and lead are the major environmental pollutants, mainly in the places having more significant anthropogenic pressure. In agricultural areas, accumulation of heavy metals is of primary concern because of their adverse effects. This review article also briefly discusses the impact of the heavy metals on human health, soil, plants, and their metabolic mechanisms induced by the biological and geological redistribution of heavy metals by soil and water pollution.

Combine Effect of ZnO NPs and Bacteria on Protein and Gene’s Expression Profile of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plant

“…Plants adopt different enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms to neutralize the oxidative stress and toxicity of HMs [13]. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) is one of the anti-oxidative enzymes that plays an important role in plants during oxidative stress and converts H 2 O 2 into H 2 O and O 2 by Haem peroxidases enzymes [14]. There are eight different types of APX genes have been reported in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.) that show maximum expression during HMs stress.…”

“…Zinc oxide nanoparticles are used as non-fertilizers that act as important adsorbents for remediation, due to the fact that they carry various functional hydroxyl groups and protons on their surfaces [13]. Furthermore, zinc defends plant cell organelles from oxidative stress and functions as a participant in the plant's defense system [14,15]. Bio-primed seeds (seeds with bacterial inoculum) growing in ZnO NPs solution are a simple, and easily adaptable strategy to mitigate stress and improve the germination of seeds.…”

Application of Nanoparticles Alleviates Heavy Metals Stress and Promotes Plant Growth: An Overview

“…HM pollution is one of the key factors restricting crop production and threatening food security [ 16 , 17 ]. HM mainly affect the normal cell structure, the antioxidant system and plant growth to restrict crop production.…”

Nanofertilizer Possibilities for Healthy Soil, Water, and Food in Future: An Overview

“…The heavy metal contamination may affect human via the food chain (Arif et al, 2019 ) as Cd, Hg, As, and Pb are among the top 20 toxic heavy metals according to the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Heavy metals endanger food production (Irshad et al, 2020 ; Javaid, 2020 ), while NPs may boost seed germination, photosynthetic rate, antioxidant defense system, yield, and plant vigor (Lian et al, 2020 ; Usman et al, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ). Experts agreed using NPs to combat the varied effects of toxic ions on plants (Liu et al, 2018 ; Rizwan et al, 2018 ), as CuO NPs (50 and 100 nm) alleviated adverse effects of As on the number of root branches in rice ( Oryza sativa L. subsp.…”