Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Sources of Dehradun, Using Water Quality Indices

Determination and health risk assessment of trace elements in the tap water of two Sub-Cities of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

“…Natural and anthropogenic activities such as paint, plating, mining, copper polishing, printing operations can be the sources of Cu ( Awa and Hadibarata, 2020 ). The contents of Cu in Akaki Kality tap water were about 2 times lower than that reported from Iran ( Fallahzadeh et al., 2017 ), whereas, similar results were obtained with the reported data from India ( Gupta et al., 2017 ). The content of Cu in Gullele tap water was 8–10 times higher than the reported data by Khalid et al.…”

“…The measured concentration of Zn in the drinking water samples ranged from LOD to 391.10 μg/L. When compared to literature values, the level of Zn in this study was lower than the reported value from Pakistan ( Muhammad et al., 2011 ; Rasool et al., 2016 ), India ( Gupta et al., 2017 ; Mazhar and Ahmad, 2020 ), and Iran ( Fallahzadeh et al., 2017 ). However, the level of Zn in this study was found to be higher than the value reported by other researchers from Iran ( Saleh et al., 2019 ), India ( Vetrimurugan et al., 2017 ), Pakistan ( Khalid et al., 2020 ), Nigeria ( Egbueri and Unigwe, 2020 ).…”

“…The major anthropogenic sources of iron contaminations are industrial wastes, urban wastes/sewage, agricultural and mining activities ( Hasan et al., 2019 ). As summarized in Table 2 , the mean concentrations of Fe measured in the Akaki-Kality Sub-City were lower than most of the reported values for drinking water from Iran ( Fallahzadeh et al., 2017 ), India ( Gupta et al., 2017 ; Vetrimurugan et al., 2017 ), Pakistan ( Khalid et al., 2020 ; Rasool et al., 2016 ) and Canada ( Hu et al., 2019 ), but higher than the reported values from Iran ( Saleh et al., 2019 ) and Nigeria ( Egbueri and Unigwe, 2020 ). On the other hand, the concentration of Fe in the Gullele Sub-City was higher than the reported values by Gupta et al.…”

“…and Hu et al. ( Gupta et al., 2017 ; Hu et al., 2019 ), but lower than the study conducted in groundwater ( Vetrimurugan et al., 2017 ). The average concentration of Fe in Akaki-Kality were 2–4 times lower than the reported data from India ( Gupta et al., 2017 ; Vetrimurugan et al., 2017 ).…”

“…(2020) , Pakistan 1.34 ± 0.56–1.86 ± 0.4 0.10–0.03 - 0.44 ± 0.16 0.55 ± 0.12–0.64 ± 0.08 0.13 ± 0.01–0.22 ± 0.02 0.04 ± 0.0–0.13 ± 0.03 0.11 ± 0.01–0.18 ± 0.02 BDL GW Huq et al. (2019) , Bangladesh - - - <0.01–56.20 <0.01–8.00 6.05–590.70 0.60 - 8.00 - S&G Gupta et al. (2017) , India 160.40 ± 371.40 (12.00–1557.00) 4.30 ± 10.20 (0.00–36.00) 250.60 ± 857.10 (7.00–3874.00) 14.30 ± 17.30 (0.00–138.00) - - 3.30 ± 2.70 (0.00–9.50) 5.10 ± 11.40 (0.00–15.80) GW Fallahzadeh et al.…”