Heavy Metals and Health Risks Associated with Consumption of Herbal Plants Sold in a Major Urban Market in Southwest, Nigeria

Abstract

Background. Although herbal medicines play an important role as a source of medicine, concerns have been raised about the risks posed by consumption of these plants, especially if consumed above permissible levels. Objectives. This study was undertaken to assess the level of exposure, toxicity and health risk associated with the consumption of herbal plants in Ado Ekiti urban market, Nigeria. Methods. Ten commonly consumed herbal plants sold in Ado Ekiti urban market were subjected to heavy metal analysis. Health risk assessment was carried out to determine the estimated daily intake (EDI) of heavy metals, health risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient for non-carcinogenic risk and estimation of cancer risk (ECR). Results. The EDIs for lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and magnesium (Mn) were above the upper tolerable daily intake reference for all studied plant species in both children and adults, an indication that herbal use poses a short-term to long-term health risk to consumers of these herbal products. The EDI for children was significantly lower compared to that of adults, indicating higher risks for adult consumers of these herbal products. The HRI in children for Pb (Alstonia congensis, Terminalia avicennioides, Aframomum melegueta, Cymbopogon citratus and Napoleona vogelii) were greater than 1; HRI in Cu and Mn also showed an unusually high concentration, an indication that long term exposure to the consumption of these herbal plants poses a serious health risk. The HRI in children and adults follows the order Mn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr; cadmium (Cd) was not detected in any of the herbal plants. The ECR for Pb, Ni and Cr present in the herbal plants for children ranged between 10−6 (low) to 10−3 (high), while the ECR for Pb, Ni and Cr for herbal plants for adults ranged between 10−5 (acceptable) to 10−2 (unacceptable). For both children and adults, there is a call for concern due to ECRs above the acceptable range; the consumption of these herbal plants poses a long-term cancer risk. Conclusions. In both children and adults, ECRs for some of the herbal plants in the present study above the acceptable range present a risk to human health. The consumption of such herbal plants poses a long-term cancer risk. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Investigation of Heavy Metal Analysis on Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of Skin Cancer by Traditional Practitioners in Pretoria

“…laureola . The current finding showed that all traditional herbal products had Cu concentrations below the WHO-permitted limit (10 mg/kg) [ 47 ] except for E. crispa , which was above the acceptable limit of Cu in the plants. The metabolic process of humans depends on Cu.…”

Natural Does Not Mean Safe

“…Exposure to dioxins and dioxin-like substances has been associated with an avalanche of toxic effects during developmental stages, immunotoxicity, and adverse changes in thyroid and steroid hormones and also in reproductive functions [43]. Toxic metals found in botanicals may pose low health risk in one dose of herbal preparations [50] but can have a significant contribution to total body heavy metal burden [51,52]. Major threats to human health from heavy metals are commonly associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic [53] and have been linked to indicators such as decreased immunity, cardiac dysfunction, fetal malformation, and impaired psychosocial and neurological behavior [52].…”

“…Toxic metals found in botanicals may pose low health risk in one dose of herbal preparations [50] but can have a significant contribution to total body heavy metal burden [51,52]. Major threats to human health from heavy metals are commonly associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic [53] and have been linked to indicators such as decreased immunity, cardiac dysfunction, fetal malformation, and impaired psychosocial and neurological behavior [52]. Phthalates, globally used as plasticizers readily accumulate in medicinal plants [47,48], have been found to be potent endocrine disruptors.…”

Human Health Risk Assessment to the Consumption of Medicinal Plants with Melliferous Potential from the Romanian South-Eastern Region

“…Still, very few studies evaluated the health risks of consuming medicinal plants with melliferous potential [6,9,29,33,45]. In such investigations, specific indicators were computed [46][47][48][49][50][51][52] and compared with some critical levels to indicate the level of danger. The results have shown that medicinal plants must be carefully used, considering their possible adverse effects on the human organism [53][54][55][56][57][58].…”

“…Another possibility to evaluate the health risk due to food consumption is based on the following indices [42,50,51,66]: the estimated daily intake (EDI) or exposure assessment, non-carcinogenic risk assessment (the Hazard Quotient Index (HQ), and the Hazard Index (HI)), and carcinogenic risk for the chemical substances (Risk ccs ). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) replaced TdI with the Reference Dose (RfD).…”