Heavy Metals and Health Risk Burden, How Safe is the Consumer Population?: A Study on the Heavy Metal Content of Soybeans Cultivated in Katsina State, North West Nigeria

Abstract

The level of heavy metals in soybeans samples were evaluated to ascertain their likely health risks to the Katsina State populace. Atomic absorption spectrometry method was employed for the evaluation, while the three senatorial zones of the state were used for sampling. Using methods adapted from the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), the health risks to the population from the heavy metals in the samples were determined. The results have revealed the mean concentration (mg/kg) in decreasing order of concentrations to be for Zn (range: 1.204-1.432), Pb (range: 0.658-0.998), Fe (range: 0.563-0.687), Cr (range: 0.128-0.151) and Cd (range: 0.041-0.046), with the concentrations of Mn and Ni below the level of detection. The computed non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of the samples were below 1 (THQ and HI>1). The cancer risk to the population lies beyond the threshold limit with the heavy metal Pb being the major contributor to the violation. It may be presumed that the Soybean samples in the study may add to the cancer manifestations in the population.

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in a Vegetable Cultivated on Land Polluted through Illegal Mining

“…From the Tables (2 and 3) the combined health risks for all the metals in the sample for the adults and children population represented as the HRI were above 1, an indication that the sample is not safe for consumption. The current result is in disagreement to what was previously reported in Katsina State [33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

“…The observation that the heavy metals Pb and Fe have values that were higher than the regulatory bodies permissible limits is a pointer that the consumption of sample by the population is not safe because of the potentially high health risk. Also, the mean heavy metals concentrations of the sample was higher than the reported mean heavy metals concentrations in studies that evaluate heavy metals in various food samples that were earlier conducted in Katsina State, Nigeria [33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. The Apparent higher value obtained may not be unconnected with the illegal mining and metal artisanal sites that are located within the vicinity of the sampling area.…”