Heavy metal sources and anthropogenic enrichment in the environment around the Cerro Prieto Geothermal Field, Mexico

Ecological risk and sources of metals in open‐burned grasses in Guinea Savanna of Nigeria

“…The metals Ni and Zr had average EF of 3.40 and 3.46, respectively, suggesting moderate enrichment possibly exists as classified by the EF criteria in Exhibit 4. The sources of Cu, Ni, and Zr may be attributed to earth crust, fossil fuel combustion, and metal industry (González‐Acevedo et al., 2018; Seibert et al., 2020). Ce, Ba, and Pb had mean EFs of 74.06, 244.57, and 293.93, respectively, which are far above 40, suggesting extreme enrichment of the three metals in all the PE.…”

“…The sources of metals from anthropogenic activities are presented in Exhibit 13 . Heavy metals in PE may have their origin from various sources such as soil and suspended dust, vehicular emission, waste disposal, construction and demolition, industrial process, coal and oil combustion, agrochemicals, mining operations, and metal industry (Allen et al., 2001; H. Chen et al., 2016; Doyle et al., 2003; Fuge, 2013; González‐Acevedo et al., 2018; Haris et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2007; Manoli et al., 2002; Mohiuddin et al., 2014; Monaci & Bargagli, 1997; Naccarato et al., 2020; Pacyna & Pacyna, 2001; Priya & Hait, 2018; Seibert et al., 2020; Srivastava et al., 2009; Yu et al., 2018). Metals such as Ca, Al, Ba, Ti, Mg, Si, Fe, and Mn have been identified to have originated from soil and suspended dust; Cr, Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Sb, Br, Fe, and Ba from vehicular emissions; K, Zn, and Pb from waste disposal; As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Al, Fe, Pb, Si, Ni, and Zn from construction and demolition sites; Mn, Zn, Hg, and K from industrial process; Cr, Ni, and V from coal and oil combustion; Cd, Zn, and Pb from agrochemicals; Cr, Ni, Cu, and Hg from mining operations, whereas Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Ti, and V from metal industry.…”

“…Enrichment factors are used to quantify the enrichment of a potentially contaminant‐derived element in an environmental sample media relative to the composition in the background values (Bern et al., 2019). Enrichment factors are previously used to speculate the origin of element in the seawater or precipitation and atmosphere (Buat‐Menard & Chesselet, 1979; Zoller et al., 1974) then subsequently soil, sediments, and other environmental materials (González‐Acevedo et al., 2018; Reimann & de Caritat, 2005).…”

“…Enrichment factors are previously used to speculate the origin of element in the seawater or precipitation and atmosphere (Buat-Menard & Chesselet, 1979;Zoller et al, 1974) then subsequently soil, sediments, and other environmental materials (González-Acevedo et al, 2018;Reimann & de Caritat, 2005).…”

Source Identification of Cd and Pb in Typical Farmland Topsoil in the Southwest of China: A Case Study

“…Combined with their characteristics of high SD and CV, Cd, P and Se are also widely enriched in the study area. The EFs of Pb, Cu, Cr and Zn are small, indicating characteristics of local enrichment, and they may be determined by both natural and human activities [38,39].…”