Heavy metal residues and health risk assessment in raw milk and dairy products with a trail for removal of copper residues.

Abstract

A B S T R A C TThis study was conducted to determine the residues of Lead (Pb), Cadmium (Cd), and Copper (Cu) in different types of raw milk and dairy products, and to estimate the dietary intake of such metals, as well as to evaluate the potential health hazards of these metals to peoplethrough consuming milk and dairy products. On the other hand, we made a trial to remove copper residues using the adsorption properties of the resin. Therefore, a total of 120 random samples of milk and dairy products, including 80 samples of raw milk of different species from different dairy shops, and farms in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, in addition to 20 samples for each of UHT milk and Kariesh cheese, werecollected. Pb and Cu residues in the examined samples ranged from 1.85-2.78, 0.009-0.81ppm respectively, while Cd was detected only in raw goats' milk and kariesh cheese samples.Moreover, it is worth clarifying thatPb recorded the highest levels in the examined samples since most of the samples were over the permissible level of 0.1 mg/kg established by Egyptian Standard. Human health risk associated with consuming milk and other examined dairy products was identified using Target Health Quotient (THQ) showed that Pb is the most dangerous element measured in these products as its value was more than one in mostof the samples. In the present study, the performance of IMAC HP resin was assessedfor the firsttime for removal of Cu ions from artificially contaminated raw cows' milk, although it is used extensively to purify water from heavy metals. It was noticed that the removal efficiency of Cu ions increased with higher resin concentration, and increasing time, as the maximum removal percent (76.89%) was achieved by using 0.8 g/L. IMAC HP resin after 45 min. Finally, it was concluded that this type of resin is suitable for the adsorption of Cu ions from artificially contaminated raw milk.

Concentration of heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk and health risk assessment across the globe: A systematic review

“…A number of techniques are used to quantified heavy metals in the aqueous phase which related to the desired level of detection and the specific analyte. Our finding showed that from 48 included articles, 15 techniques were used to measure heavy metals in pasteurized and sterilized milk include; Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)(15:31.3%) [ 11 , 18 , 33 , 40 – 43 , 50 , 51 , 53 , 55 – 57 , 61 , 67 ], Microwave Plasma–Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer(MP-AES)(1:2.1%) (21),Metrohm 797 VA Computrace(1:2.1%), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES)(2:4.15%) [ 25 , 32 ], Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(GFAAS) (2:4.15%) [ 5 , 35 ], Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS)(3:6.3%) [ 39 , 46 , 64 ], Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)(7:15%) [ 34 , 38 , 44 , 45 , 49 , 52 , 65 ], Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES)(4:8.5%) [ 4 , 22 , 37 , 62 ], polarography apparatus(1:2.1%) [ 24 ], voltammeter(1:2.1%) [ 20 ], Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)(1:2.1%) [ 48 ], Inductively Coupled Plasma Sector Field Mass Spectrometry (ICP-SFMS)(1:2.1%) [ 36 ], Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)(1:2.1%) [ 54 ], Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer(ET-AAS)(2:4.15%) [ 58 , 66 ] and Metrohm 746 VA trace(1:2.1%) [ 59 ], and 5 studies(5:10.5) [ 3 , 23 , …”

“…A total of 48 potentially relevant articles with data on 981 pasteurized and sterilized milk were included in the systematic review. All data were collected from 17 different countries including Iran (13:27%) [ 3 , 5 , 12 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 50 , 62 ], Pakistan (6:12.5%) [ 4 , 11 , 42 , 55 , 58 , 63 ], Egypt(5:10%) [ 18 , 40 , 45 , 53 , 56 ], and Brazil (4:8%) [ 22 , 46 , 54 , 64 ] represented the highest number of studies, and the sample size was varied from 5 to 90. Based on results, the first study was conducted in 1993, and 70% of the studies were done in the past five years.…”

“…The standard Pb limit in milk is 0.02 mg/l set by Codex Alimentarius Commission and FAO/WHO standard, and EU [ 74 , 75 ]. In this systematic review, the mean Pb levels in pasteurized and sterilized milk samples are analyzed in 41 studies (85.5% of total studies) from 13 countries Pakistan [ 4 , 11 , 42 , 55 , 58 ], Libya [ 21 , 35 ], Iran [ 3 , 5 , 12 , 20 , 23 , 24 , 32 , 36 , 41 , 43 , 48 , 50 , 62 ], Egypt [ 18 , 40 , 45 , 53 , 56 ], Indonesia [ 33 ], Brazil [ 22 , 46 , 54 , 64 ], China [ 37 , 44 , 49 ], Serbia [ 47 ], North Korea [ 52 ], Romania [ 25 , 38 ], Turkey [ 59 ], Spain [ 65 , 66 ], and India [ 60 ] from 1999 to 2021 ( Table 2 ).…”

“…The average concentration of Pb in pasteurized and sterilized milk samples across globe ranged between 11×10 −5 [ 25 ] and 3.5 mg/ml [ 22 ]. Lead was the most common heavy metal in pasteurized and sterilized milk samples found above permissible limits (0.02 mg/l) [ 74 , 75 ] in 19[46.34%] studies were conducted in Libya [ 21 ], Iran [ 12 , 43 , 62 ], Egypt [ 18 , 40 , 45 , 53 ], Pakistan [ 4 , 42 , 58 ], Brazil [ 22 , 46 , 54 , 64 ], Serbia [ 47 ], Turkey [ 59 ], China [ 37 ] and Spain [ 66 ].…”

Contaminants in the cow's milk we consume? Pasteurization and other technologies in the elimination of contaminants

“…IMAC HP resin was described for the removal of copper ions (76.89%). 92 Tetracycline, oxytetracycline, chlortetracycline, and doxycycline have been removed by adsorption on a molecularly imprinted polymer, achieving 81.83, 95.47, 96.44, and 93.25% removal, respectively. 239 A photocatalytic-fluorescent polymer, produced from graphene oxide and bismuth phosphate with molecular magnetic imprinting, allowed ciprofloxacin's complete degradation.…”