Heavy Metal Pollution from Treated Sewage Effluent

Al-Musharafi, S. K.; Mahmoud, I.Y.; Al-Bahry, Saif N.

doi:10.1016/j.apcbee.2013.05.059

Cited by 43 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…In addition, heavy metal contaminations in different habitats were found in Oman (Al-Bahry et al, 2011;Al-Musharafi et al, 2013a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result of this practice, there is a wide spread of heavy metals throughout Based on this study, it appears that the major source of heavy metal contamination is from TSE and sludge. There is a strong indication that the heavy metals in Oman are spreading rapidly throughout different habitats because of rapid increase in population and industries (Al-Bahry et al, 2011, Al-Musharafi et al, 2012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013cAl-Rawahi et al, 2007).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Treated sewage effluent (TSE) is predominantly used for irrigation, which consequently is the major source of heavy metal contamination. In Oman, during the last few years, there has been a steady increase in heavy metal concentrations at different habitats (Al-Bahry et al, 2011, Al-Musharafi et al, 2012, 2013a, 2013b, 2013cAl-Rawahi et al, 2007). It was also reported that heavy metal concentration in the three sewage treatment plants (STP) was related to heavy metals in sludge irrigated with TSE (Al-Musharafi et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Contamination by Industrial Effluents and Sludge Relative to Heavy Metals

Al-Musharafi¹,

Mahmoud²,

Al-Bahry³

2014

GEP

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Oman is located in the tropic of Cancer with extremely hot temperatures ranging between 15˚C -25˚C in winter and 30 -48˚C in the summer with low rainfall. Most of the water source is desalinated seawater. Recycling of sewage effluent is a common practice used for farming, public parks and industry. The dried sludge product is used as fertilizer. The highly concentrated sludge with heavy metals is either incinerated or buried in landfills. Heavy metals were analyzed and compared in treated sewage effluent (TSE), slurry sludge, dried sludge, landfill and underground water. Heavy metal concentrations were analyzed using the inductive coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). All samples contained the same heavy metals with different concentrations. The heaviest concentrations were Zn, Cr, Cu and Ni with traces of V, Cd, Pb and Ba. TSE and sludge were the main sources of landfill and underground water contamination. Due to water evaporation, heavy metals concentrations in sludge were higher compared to TSE and underground water. Dried sludge and landfill contained higher concentrations than the others. Based on this investigation, it appears that the source of heavy metals is from TSE originated mainly in industries. If the infiltration of heavy metals to underground water continues, it will be a serious environmental and health problem in the future.

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“…In addition, heavy metal contaminations in different habitats were found in Oman (Al-Bahry et al, 2011;Al-Musharafi et al, 2013a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Environmental Contamination by Industrial Effluents and Sludge Relative to Heavy Metals

Al-Musharafi¹,

Mahmoud²,

Al-Bahry³

2014

GEP

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“…Natural process of sludge desiccation has two beneficial environmental elements, reducing microbial pathogens from the environment and the benefit of using sludge as fertilizer. However, the use of desiccated sludge has some adverse environmental conditions such as accumulation of heavy metals in soil and its infiltration of underground water (Al-Musharafi et al, 2012, 2013a, 2013b. In addition, sludge may contain hydrocarbons, pesticides, antibiotic residuals and pharmaceuticals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Physical Factors on Fecal Coliform Viability Rate in Sewage Sludge

Al-Bahry

Mahmoud²,

Al-Musharafi³

2014

GEP

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Experiments were conducted on the survival rate of fecal coliform after spreading the sewage sludge for desiccation on sludge beds in an open field throughout the year. The ambient temperature, humidity, sunlight intensity and solar radiation were measured during the period of sludge desiccation. The maximum average temperature, sunlight intensity and solar radiation were recorded throughout the year. During May and August the minimum microbial counts were recorded after four weeks of sludge desiccation. Relative humidity did not have significant effect on survival rate. The minimum microbial counts were taken after four weeks of sludge drying. When the sludge was mixed with three different media, the maximum count of fecal coliform was presented when soil mixed with sludge and irrigated with treated sewage effluent (TSE). When soil mixed with sludge irrigated with well water, the number of fecal coliform count dropped significantly. The minimum count occurred when compost was used instead of sludge. This was a clear indication that the source of contamination was from sludge and was mostly contributed by the TSE irrigation. The use of dried sludge after four weeks of treatment had the lowest fecal coliform count and was safe to be used as fertilizer for farming. Oman is located in a semi-equatorial belt with arid environmental conditions which are ideal for elimination of microbial pathogens. Thus, sludge desiccation in such environmental conditions, specifically during the hot months of the year, is perfect for such practice.

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“…In many cases, these heavy metals are found in the treated sewage effluent and sludge at concentrations exceeding maximum permissible levels [14][15][16]. It is noteworthy that bacterial isolates from waste streams contaminated with heavy metals have also been found to be resistant to antibiotics.…”

Section: Antibiotic Resistance Heavy Metals and Chlorine Disinfectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survival and Growth of Bacteria in Treated Wastewater and Water Distribution Systems and their Implication in Human Health: A review

Al-Bahry

Paulson

Al-Musharaf

2014

int. arab. j antimicrob. agents

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Multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria (MARB) and antimicrobial drugs enter the environment via wastewater, especially from hospitals and pharmaceutical plants, and through agricultural runoff, leading to contamination of surface and groundwater. This is a serious problem in arid regions such as Oman where wastewater is recycled for irrigation and recharging aquifers. Treatment with chlorine does not completely remove bacteria from wastewater or prevent their re-growth in downstream distribution systems. MARB can infect humans via contaminated food and drinking water, or directly from the environment. Agricultural runoff and sewage, either treated or untreated, are also the main sources of MARB in coastal seawater. It is necessary to use antibiotics more prudently in medicine, treat wastewater more effectively, eliminate the discharge of untreated waste into the environment, and curtail the profligate use of antibiotics as growth promoters for livestock.

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Heavy Metal Pollution from Treated Sewage Effluent

Cited by 43 publications

References 7 publications

Environmental Contamination by Industrial Effluents and Sludge Relative to Heavy Metals

Environmental Contamination by Industrial Effluents and Sludge Relative to Heavy Metals

The Effect of Physical Factors on Fecal Coliform Viability Rate in Sewage Sludge

Survival and Growth of Bacteria in Treated Wastewater and Water Distribution Systems and their Implication in Human Health: A review

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