Heavy Metal Pollution and Male Fertility: An Overview on Adverse Biological Effects and Socio-Economic Implications

Abstract

Trace metals can be divided into two subgroups considering their pathophysiological effects: the first consists of microelements essential for life (arsenic, cobalt, chromium, copper, fluorine, iron, iodine, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, vanadium and zinc), implicated in important metabolic processes; the second includes toxic microelements, such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), and lead (Pb) for living organisms, even at low concentrations. These metals contribute to serious consequences for human health, including male infertility. Studies performed in several in vitro and in vivo models revealed that environmental exposure to toxic pollutants, as heavy metals, negatively affects human male fertility. Stem cells, due to their ability to self-renew and differentiate in several cell types, have been proposed as an useful tool in assisted reproductive technology, permitting the spermatogenesis recovery in patients with irreversible infertility. Considering the effects of heavy metals on male fertility and, from a demographic point of view, the decreased fertility ratio, further strategies are required to maintain a sustainable turn-over of 2 children for woman. We discuss here the findings on the biological effects of heavy metal pollution in the male fertility and underline the related socio-economic impact on population demography.

Mercury Sorption onto Rice Husk Ash: An Isothermal Remodelling

“…These sorts have varying degrees of impact on human organs such the gastrointestinal tract, the central nervous system, the immune system, the skin, the eyes, and the respiratory system. The amount of mercury released into the environment as a result of human activities, such as the generation of electricity through the processing of industrial waste, the burning of coal, the incineration of waste at homes, and the mining of mercury (along with gold and other metals), has significantly increased [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”