Heavy metal fluoride glasses and fibers: A review

Tran, D. C.; Sigel, George H.; Bendow, Bernard

doi:10.1109/jlt.1984.1073661

Cited by 270 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 38 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81] Compared to conventional telecom silica fibers, IR fibers usually are more fragile and have larger refractive indices, lower melting or softening points, and greater thermal expansion. Typically, in biomedical photonics, IR fibers are used in lengths <2 to 3 m for fiber optic sensors and optical power delivery applications.…”

Section: Middle-infrared Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Optical fiber technology has significantly bolstered the growth of photonics applications in basic life sciences research and in biomedical diagnosis, therapy, monitoring, and surgery. The unique operational characteristics of diverse fibers have been exploited to realize advanced biomedical functions in areas such as illumination, imaging, minimally invasive surgery, tissue ablation, biological sensing, and tissue diagnosis. This review paper provides the necessary background to understand how optical fibers function, to describe the various categories of available fibers, and to illustrate how specific fibers are used for selected biomedical photonics applications. Research articles and vendor data sheets were consulted to describe the operational characteristics of conventional and specialty multimode and single-mode solid-core fibers, double-clad fibers, hard-clad silica fibers, conventional hollow-core fibers, photonic crystal fibers, polymer optical fibers, side-emitting and side-firing fibers, middle-infrared fibers, and optical fiber bundles. Representative applications from the recent literature illustrate how various fibers can be utilized in a wide range of biomedical disciplines. In addition to helping researchers refine current experimental setups, the material in this review paper will help conceptualize and develop emerging optical fiber-based diagnostic and analysis tools.

show abstract

Section: Middle-infrared Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glass materials for IR fibers include heavy metal fluorides, [72][73][74] fluoroindates, 75 chalcogenides, 76,77 and heavy metal germinates. 78 Heavy metal fluoride glasses (HMFG) are the only materials that transmit light from UV to mid-IR without any absorption peak.…”

Section: Middle-infrared Fibersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…[1][2][3][4] However, fluoride crystals are costly to produce and fluoride glasses are characterised by poor chemical durability and mechanical stability. In transparent oxyfluoride glass-ceramics the optical active ion may be incorporated into a fluoride crystalline phase, thus offering a better alternative to both fluoride glasses and crystals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing of transparent glass-ceramics by nanocrystallisation of LaF3

Hemono

Pierre

Muñoz

et al. 2009

Journal of the European Ceramic Society

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Transparent glass-ceramics have been prepared by heat-treating oxyfluoride glasses in the Na 2 O-Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2 -LaF 3 system. The nanocrystallisation of LaF 3 was achieved by controlling time and temperature parameters. Glasses and glass-ceramics were characterised by dilatometry, DTA, XRD and TEM. The mean crystal size (<20 nm) and the crystal fraction increase with the temperature of heat treatment, while they reach a maximum at about 20 h at a temperature close to T g . The crystallisation of phases containing glass modifier elements as well as F anions leads to the increase in the viscosity of the remaining glass matrix. Phase separation occurs in glass-ceramics depending on the glass composition which affects nanocrystallisation.

show abstract

“…New types of fibre materials have also been investigated [11][12][13][14] for use in the 3 μm-5 μm wavelength bands. It was found that fluoride glasses have extremely low transmission losses at mid-infrared wavelengths (i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Introduction to Optical Communications

Ghafouri‐Shiraz

Karbassian

2012

Optical CDMA Networks

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The invention of the solid state ruby laser (acronym for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) in May 1960 [1] and the He-Ne gas laser [2] in December 1960 has led to some wide-ranging and very significant scientific and technological progress. This so-called 'discovery of the century', followed by the first use of semiconductor lasers [3][4][5] in communications, heralded the start of optical communications. The laser provided a powerful coherent light source together with the possibility of modulation at high frequency, and this opened up a new portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with frequencies many times higher than those commonly available in radio communication systems. In addition the narrow beam divergence of the laser made enhanced free-space optical transmission a practical possibility.Since optical frequencies are of the order of 100 THz, and information capacity increases directly with frequency bandwidth, the laser potentially offers a few order of magnitude increase in available bandwidth compared with microwave systems. Thus, by using only a small portion of the available frequency spectrum, a single laser could, in principle, carry millions of telephone conversations or TV channels.With the potential of such wideband transmission capabilities in mind, a number of experiments [6] using atmospheric optical channels were carried out in the early 1960s. These experiments showed the feasibility of modulating a coherent optical carrier wave at very high frequencies. However, the high cost of development for all the necessary components, and the limitations imposed on the atmospheric channel by rain, fog, snow and dust make such high-speed systems economically unattractive. However, numerous developments of free-space optical channel systems operating at baseband frequencies were in progress for earth-to-space communications [7,8].It soon became apparent that some form of optical waveguide was required. By 1963, bundles of several hundred glass fibres were already being used for small-scale Optical CDMA Networks: Principles, Analysis and Applications, First Edition. Hooshang Ghafouri-Shiraz and M. Massoud Karbassian.

show abstract

Heavy metal fluoride glasses and fibers: A review

Cited by 270 publications

References 38 publications

Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice

Review of diverse optical fibers used in biomedical research and clinical practice

Processing of transparent glass-ceramics by nanocrystallisation of LaF3

Introduction to Optical Communications

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About