Heavy metal extractable forms in sludge from wastewater treatment plants

Alonso, Esteban; Mochón, M. Callejón; Sánchez, Joaquín Fernández; Rodrı́guez, Mirta

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00021-8

Cited by 265 publications

(110 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…However, the speciation of heavy metals is more important than their total concentrations in determining their mobility, bioavailability, and related ecotoxicity. The extensively used method to identify speciation forms is BCR three-step sequential extraction, as proposed by the Bureau Communautaire de Reference (BCR, now Standards, Measurements and Testing Programme) [47][48][49]. During the extraction process, heavy metals are classified into four fractions: acid-soluble/exchangeable fractions, reducible fractions, oxidizable fractions, and residual fractions.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There was a significant difference in metals speciation between sludges of different origins. Cr is often considered to present principally in oxidizable fractions and residual fractions, which makes its potential mobility very low [1,47]. Walter et al [34] reported that more than 95% of Cr in the sludges was in these two fractions.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge during Land Application Process in China: A Review

Zhang

Wang

2017

Sustainability

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Abstract:The safe disposal of sewage sludge during the process of municipal wastewater treatment has become one of the major concerns of increased production. Land application was thought of as a more economical method for sewage sludge disposal than landfill and incineration. However, the presence of heavy metals in sewage sludge restricted the use of land application. The environmental risk of heavy metals was dependent on their contents, chemical speciations, and soil characteristics. Composting and chemical immobilization were the commonly used methods to immobilize the heavy metals in sewage sludge. The immobilization mechanism and speciation transformation of heavy metals during the composting process were presented. Aluminosilicate, phosphorus-bearing materials, basic compounds, and sulfides were reviewed as the commonly used chemical immobilizing agents. The problems that occur during the immobilization process were also discussed. The combination of different methods and the modification of chemical immobilizing agents both improved the fixation effect on heavy metals.

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Section: Characteristics Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Characteristics Of Heavy Metalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge during Land Application Process in China: A Review

Zhang

Wang

2017

Sustainability

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“…These studies concluded that around 70% of the Mn and Cu load can be accumulated in the activated sludge, while 50-60% of the Cr, Cd, Pb, Fe, Ni, and Zn will leave the plant as it is discharged into the recipient with the treated *Correspondence: gulyasg@almos.uni-pannon.hu effluent. It is well known, that some special forms of these heavy metals in the sludge or activated sludge process are more critical than their total concentrations [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy Metal Balance in a Communal Wastewater treatment Plant

Gulyás¹,

Pitás²,

Fazekas³

et al. 2015

Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry

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Heavy metal removal from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was evaluated in the given study. The aim of the work was to find water or sludge streams in the technology that could be treated separately for heavy metal removal to maximise the efficiency of the entire treatment. The results proved that in the plant studied 70-80% of the metal content was discharged. Only 5-20% was retained in the digested sludge. A small percentage of the metal content of the influent could only be measured in the primary and secondary sludges. Otherwise, there were very similar metal concentrations in these sludge streams. The reject water exhibited an inconsiderable level of metal recycling in the technology, no more than 2-3% of the influent load. Some 2-10% of the heavy metal content of the inlet was removed from the sand trap. We did not find the separate heavy metal removal from the sludge streams efficient as most of the heavy metal load finally was discharged from the treatment plant with the treated effluent into the recipient.

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“…The high content of organic matter and substantial nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in sewage sludge suggest its use as a fertilizer in agriculture. However, land application of sewage sludge presents a potential threat to the environment because of the content of heavy metals in sludge, which may be aggravated if the heavy metals are mobilized in the soil to be taken up by plants or transported in drainage water (Alvarez et al 2002;Angelidis and Gibbs 1991;Mingot et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immobilization of Cd, Zn and Pb in sewage sludge using red mud

2011

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Sewage sludge is an inevitable end by-product of sewage treatment. Land application provides a costeffective alternative for sewage sludge disposal. However, sewage sludge contains heavy metals that may limit its application. In this work, red mud was employed for the immobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge. The effect of red mud amendment on heavy metal immobilization was evaluated using Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) method. The TCLP results showed that the immobilization efficiency of Cd, Zn and Pb was 100, 92, and 82%, respectively, when sewage sludge was mixed with 10% red mud. Tests carried out in leaching columns demonstrated that heavy metal concentrations in the leachate of 10% red mud amended sludge were lower than those of the unamended sludge. Moreover, red mud decreased plant available heavy metal (Cd, Zn and Pb) content from 18.1, 17.2 and 14.6% to 6.9, 11.4 and 7.6%, respectively. Sequential chemical extraction experiments showed that after sludge was amended with 10% red mud, exchangeable fraction was reduced and iron and manganese oxides fraction was increased. Red mud amendment can effectively immobilize Cd, Zn and Pb in sewage sludge before land application.

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Heavy metal extractable forms in sludge from wastewater treatment plants

Cited by 265 publications

References 29 publications

Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge during Land Application Process in China: A Review

Immobilization of Heavy Metals in Sewage Sludge during Land Application Process in China: A Review

Heavy Metal Balance in a Communal Wastewater treatment Plant

Immobilization of Cd, Zn and Pb in sewage sludge using red mud

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