Heaviness of smoking index in menthol and non-menthol smokers

Frost-Pineda, Kimberly; Polster, Michael

doi:10.1080/10550887.2022.2112495

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Among them, 50 patients were <30 years old, 112 were 30–50 years old, and 82 were >50 years old. Eighty‐seven patients with a smoking history were classified according to the smoking index 16 : 18 cases of mild smoking history, that is, smoking index <200, and 69 cases of moderate to severe smoking history, that is, smoking index >200. All patients with a history of smoking were advised to quit smoking.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Age was divided into three groups: <30 years old, 30–50 years old, and >50 years old, according to the criteria of the Mangled Extremity Severity Score 14,15 . Patients' smoking history was divided into mild and moderate‐to‐severe smoking history according to the smoking index 16 . Smoking index = average number of cigarettes smoked per day × years of smoking.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14,15 Patients' smoking history was divided into mild and moderate-to-severe smoking history according to the smoking index. 16 Smoking index = average number of cigarettes smoked per day Â years of smoking. In this study, a smoking index <200 was defined as mild smoking history, and a smoking index >200 was defined as moderate-to-severe smoking history.…”

Section: Risk Factor Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Risk Factors for Free Flap Necrosis in Soft Tissue Reconstruction of the Lower Limbs

Líu

et al. 2023

Orthopaedic Surgery

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Objective Free flaps are widely used for the repair of soft tissue defects in the lower limbs, but there is still a specific rate of necrosis. Few clinical retrospective studies have analyzed the nontechnical risk factors for lower limb free flap necrosis. This study aimed to analyze the nontechnical causes of flap necrosis in lower limb soft tissue reconstruction in order to identify risk factors and improve the survival rate of free flaps. Methods Clinical data from 244 cases of soft tissue defects of the leg or foot that were repaired with a free flap from January 2011 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. The flap results were divided into complete survival and necrosis groups. The patients' general information, smoking history, soft tissue defect site, Gustilo‐Anderson classification, shock after injury, type and size of the flap, and time from injury to flap coverage were recorded. A logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlations between flap necrosis and possible risk factors. Results Of the 244 flaps, 32 suffered from partial or total necrosis, and 212 completely survived. Univariate analysis showed that age, smoking history, soft tissue defect site, and time from injury to flap coverage were significantly correlated with flap necrosis (p ≤ 0.2). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that moderate‐to‐severe smoking history (p < 0.001, odds ratio [OR] = 10.259, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.886–36.468), proximal leg defect (p = 0.006, OR = 7.095, 95% CI = 1.731–29.089), and time from injury to flap coverage >7 days (p = 0.003, OR = 12.351, 95% CI = 2.343–65.099) were statistically significant risk factors for flap necrosis (p < 0.05), and age was excluded (p = 0.666; p = 0.924). Conclusion The risk of flap necrosis was significantly increased when the soft tissue defect was located in the proximal leg, the time from injury to flap coverage was >7 days, and the patient had a moderate‐to‐severe smoking history. These three risk factors have an increased influence on flap necrosis and have guiding significance in predicting flap prognosis.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%