Heating patterns in biological tissue phantoms caused by millimeter wave electromagnetic irradiation

Khizhnyak, E. P.; Ziskin, Marvin C.

doi:10.1109/10.312094

Cited by 51 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…It is therefore unlikely that thermal mechanisms play an important role under our experimental conditions. However, the formation of localized hot spots by MMW absorption in skin has been reported [Khizhnyak and Ziskin, 1994]. The temperature in these spots may rise several degrees and therefore the participation of thermal effect in our studies cannot be ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Effect of millimeter wave irradiation on tumor metastasis

Logani

Szabó

Makar

et al. 2006

Bioelectromagnetics

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One of the major side effects of chemotherapy in cancer treatment is that it can enhance tumor metastasis due to suppression of natural killer (NK) cell activity. The present study was undertaken to examine whether millimeter electromagnetic waves (MMWs) irradiation (42.2 GHz) can inhibit tumor metastasis enhanced by cyclophosphamide (CPA), an anticancer drug. MMWs were produced with a Russian-made YAV-1 generator. Peak SAR and incident power density were measured as 730 +/- 100 W/kg and 36.5 +/- 5 mW/cm(2), respectively. Tumor metastasis was evaluated in C57BL/6 mice, an experimental murine model commonly used for metastatic melanoma. The animals were divided into 5 groups, 10 animals per group. The first group was not given any treatment. The second group was irradiated on the nasal area with MMWs for 30 min. The third group served as a sham control for group 2. The fourth group was given CPA (150 mg/kg body weight, ip) before irradiation. The fifth group served as a sham control for group 4. On day 2, all animals were injected, through a tail vein, with B16F10 melanoma cells, a tumor cell line syngeneic to C57BL/6 mice. Tumor colonies in lungs were counted 2 weeks following inoculation. CPA caused a marked enhancement in tumor metastases (fivefold), which was significantly reduced when CPA-treated animals were irradiated with MMWs. Millimeter waves also increased NK cell activity suppressed by CPA, suggesting that a reduction in tumor metastasis by MMWs is mediated through activation of NK cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Effect of millimeter wave irradiation on tumor metastasis

Logani

Szabó

Makar

et al. 2006

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…In our study, a circular horn antenna and two lens antennas (the 6 and the 9 mm) were used. Khizhnyak and Ziskin (1994) mentioned that the horn antenna, depending its size and shape, gave non-uniform heating patterns, and local specific absorption rates (SAR) could exceed the average by a factor of over 10. From our studies, the reason for the inconsistent induction of intraocular damages with either the horn antenna or the 9 mm lens antenna became clear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute Ocular Injuries Caused by 60-GHZ Millimeter-Wave Exposure

Kojima¹,

Hanazawa

Yamashiro³

et al. 2009

Health Physics

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The goal of this study was to examine the clinical course of 60-GHz millimeter-wave induced damages to the rabbit eye and to report experimental conditions that allow reproducible induction of these injuries. The eyes of pigmented rabbits (total number was 40) were irradiated with 60-GHz millimeter-waves using either a horn antenna or one of two lens antennas (6 and 9 mm diameter; phi6, phi9) Morphological changes were assessed by slit-lamp microscopy. Additional assessments included corneal fluorescein staining, iris fluorescein angiography, and lens epithelium light microscopy. Under the standardized eye-antenna positioning, the three antennas caused varying damages to the eyelids or eyeglobes. The most reproducible injuries without concurrent eyelid edema and corneal desiccation were achieved using the phi6 lens antenna: irradiation for 6 min led to an elevation of the corneal surface temperature (reaching 54.2 +/- 0.9 degrees C) plus corneal edema and epithelial cell loss. Furthermore, mitotic cells appeared in the pupillary area of the lens epithelium. Anterior uveitis also occurred resulting in acute miosis (from 6.6 +/- 1.4 to 2.2 +/- 1.4 mm), an increase in flares (from 6.7 +/- 0.9 to 334.3 +/- 130.8 photons per second), and iris vasodilation or vessel leakage. These findings indicate that the three types of millimeter-wave antennas can cause thermal injuries of varying types and levels. The thermal effects induced by millimeter-waves can apparently penetrate below the surface of the eye.

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“…The power reflection coefficients for these phantoms were 0.36 and 0.60, respectively [Alekseev and Ziskin, 2000]. To prevent evaporation of water, the phantom was covered from both sides with a thin ($15 mm) IRtransparent polyethylene film [Khizhnyak and Ziskin, 1994].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: A kinetics study

Алексеев

Ziskin

2003

Bioelectromagnetics

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Heating rates of human skin exposed locally to 42.25 GHz mm waves, coming from a waveguide (WG) opening or a YAV device designed for therapeutic application, were studied in vivo using infrared (IR) thermography. For both radiators, the power density distribution was described by a circularly symmetrical Gaussian type function on the exposed skin surface. Insertion of a small thermocouple (d = 0.1 mm) in the exposed area did not produce any significant artifact, either in the power density distribution or kinetics measurement, providing it was perpendicular to the E vector. The heating kinetics in the skin exposed with either the WG opening or the YAV device were well fitted to solutions of the 2-D bio-heat transfer equation for homogeneous tissue. Changes in irradiating beam size (1-8 mm) had no detectable effect on the initial (0.3-3.0 s) phase of the heating kinetics. However, the amplitude of the kinetics decreased substantially with decreasing the beam size. As the temperature rise in the time interval necessary for reliable measurement of the initial temperature rise rate was very small, an accurate experimental determination of specific absorption rate (SAR) becomes practically impossible at the low intensities normally used in our experiments. The correct SAR values may be found from fitting of the model to the heating kinetics. Bioelectromagnetics 24:571-581, 2003.

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Heating patterns in biological tissue phantoms caused by millimeter wave electromagnetic irradiation

Cited by 51 publications

References 11 publications

Effect of millimeter wave irradiation on tumor metastasis

Effect of millimeter wave irradiation on tumor metastasis

Acute Ocular Injuries Caused by 60-GHZ Millimeter-Wave Exposure

Local heating of human skin by millimeter waves: A kinetics study

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