Heating and Cooling Degree-Days Maps of Pakistan

Abstract

Abstract:The building sector consumes about 40% of the world's primary energy. Seasonal climatic conditions have a significant effect on the energy consumption in buildings. One of the famous methods used for decoding this seasonal variation in buildings energy consumption is the "Degree Days Method". Data has been widely published for the heating and cooling degree days of different countries. Unfortunately, there is very limited and outdated published data for the heating and cooling degree-days of Pakistan. In this study, yearly average heating and cooling degree-days for different regions of Pakistan are established by using 30 year long-term measured data for different base temperatures. The data is presented in tables and figures whereas heating and cooling degree-day maps of Pakistan have been developed.

Life-cycle cost analysis of building wall and insulation materials

“…The thermal conductivity of construction and insulation materials is obtained from the available literature as cited in Table 1. Moreover, the indoor thermal comfort conditions were selected according to the recent suggestion of Amber et al (2018) in the heating and cooling degree-days map of Pakistan as given in Table 2.…”

“…M. G. o. R. a. D. Division, 2018). The heating and cooling degree days were estimated using the expression given in the study by Amber et al (2018) and other relevant studies. Moreover, the indoor and outdoor heat transfer coefficients were selected (6 and 22 W/m 2 K, respectively) as suggested by ASHRAE (1989), which is also reported in the study by Axaopoulos et al (2015), Daouas, (2011), Kumar et al (2017), and Wati et al (2015).…”

“…Being dependent on outdoor temperature, they are widely calculated on the basis of hourly, daily, monthly, and yearly mean ambient temperature. The expression used for the estimation of cooling degree-days and heating degree-days are as follows (Amber et al, 2018).…”

“…where N c and N h represent the number of cooling and heating days in a month, T m, i and T b are the monthly mean outdoor temperature in month i and base temperature 20°C for heating and 24°C for cooling (Amber et al, 2018).…”

The Significance of a Building’s Energy Consumption Profiles for the Optimum Sizing of a Combined Heat and Power (CHP) System—A Case Study for a Student Residence Hall

“…Degree days are usually used as a measure of heating or cooling [16]. Degree days have been vastly used by researchers for the purpose of normalization of energy consumption in different sectors [17][18][19][20][21].…”