“…The geographical components (i.e., those that are manifestly spatial in their impacts) include both natural elements under global environmental change and socioeconomic elements associated with the characteristics of national and regional development. These components are affected by interactions between sets of processes, for example, physical processes such as warming and evaporation, economic processes such as traveling and consumption, or social-ecological processes such as strip mining and land degradation (Zhang et al, 2020a(Zhang et al, , 2020b(Zhang et al, , 2022dThomaz et al, 2022;Zhao et al, 2020a). These spatially explicit physical, ecological, and social processes tend to be generalized as geographical processes (Fu, 2020), and influenced by landscape restoration projects (Fu et al, 2021a;Liu, 2020;Tikadar et al, 2022;Fan et al, 2021;Liao et al, 2018).…”