Heat-treatment options and heating times for ash firewood

Bergman, Richard; Simpson, William T.; Verrill, Steve; Mace, Terry

doi:10.2737/fpl-gtr-187

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Although this approach makes it difÞcult to determine the exact temperature at which mortality of the pest organism occurs, it is similar to the approach likely used by commercial kiln operations that wish to maximize the number of loads of wood treated in a given time frame, and to the wet-heat treatment option for ash Þrewood described by Wang et al (2009). An alternative approach would be to set the kiln temperature at or near the minimum target threshold, but this would result in much longer total treatment times.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Heat Treatment for the Thousand Cankers Disease Vector and Pathogen in Small Black Walnut Logs

Mayfield¹,

Fraedrich²,

Taylor³

et al. 2014

jnl. econ. entom.

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Thousand cankers disease, caused by the walnut twig beetle (Pityophthorus juglandis Blackman) and an associated fungal pathogen (Geosmithia morbida M. Kolarík, E. Freeland, C. Utley, and N. Tisserat), threatens the health and commercial use of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.), one of the most economically valuable tree species in the United States. Effective phytosanitary measures are needed to reduce the possibility of spreading this insect and pathogen through wood movement. This study evaluated the efficacy of heat treatments and debarking to eliminate P. juglandis and C. morbida in J. nigra logs 4-18 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length. Infested logs were steam heated until various outer sapwood temperatures (60, 65, and 70 degrees C in 2011; 36, 42, 48, 52, and 56 degrees C in 2012) were maintained or exceeded for 30-40 min. In 2011, all heat treatments eliminated G. morbida from the bark, but logs were insufficiently colonized by P. juglandis to draw conclusions about treatment effects on the beetle. Debarking did not ensure elimination of the pathogen from the sapwood surface. In 2012, there was a negative effect of increasing temperature on P. juglandis emergence and G. morbida recovery. G. morbida did not survive in logs exposed to treatments in which minimum temperatures were 48 degrees C or higher, and mean P. juglandis emergence decreased steadily to zero as treatment minimum temperature increased from 36 to 52 degrees C. A minimum outer sapwood temperature of 56 degrees C maintained for 40 min is effective for eliminating the thousand cankers disease vector and pathogen from walnut logs, and the current heat treatment schedule for the emerald ash borer (60 degrees C core temperature for 60 min) is more than adequate for treating P. juglandis and G. morbida in walnut firewood.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Heat Treatment for the Thousand Cankers Disease Vector and Pathogen in Small Black Walnut Logs

Mayfield¹,

Fraedrich²,

Taylor³

et al. 2014

jnl. econ. entom.

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“…Heat-treated firewood is firewood that has been sterilized by being heated for various amounts of time to at least 133°F (Wang et al, 2009). Kiln-dried firewood is heat-treated firewood that has been treated in a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) certified kiln, with the wood reaching an internal temperature of 160°F for 75 min, to properly ensure that the produced wood is USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) approved and pest free (Wang et al, 2009(Wang et al, , 2014. While heat-treated and kiln-dried firewood use the same basic thermal treatment strategies, only APHIS approved kiln-dried firewood is approved for transport across state lines.…”

Section: Policy Options and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Firewood transport and invasive insect spread in Michigan

Budzyn,

Huff,

Frei

2024

Front. For. Glob. Change

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Transportation of firewood can be a vector for invasive insect spread resulting in damage to surrounding areas. In 2016 and 2021, surveys were conducted at campgrounds around Michigan to understand where campers were sourcing their firewood, awareness of the ‘Do not move firewood’ campaign, knowledge of invasive insects and pests, reactions to a potential ban on bringing firewood to campgrounds, and perspective on kiln-dried firewood – all potential policy levers to reduce the spread of invasive insects. Results indicated that campaign awareness slightly decreased between the survey years, personal firewood transport has decreased, and knowledge of invasives remains low. There is an opportunity for intensifying invasive species and firewood outreach efforts, however, regulation (and enforcement) may be more effective among those who would not comply or support a ban.

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“…However, insects and pathogens are known to survive varying lengths of time in wood, making speciÞc Þrewood treatment or storage recommendations difÞcult. Heat and drying treatments are being developed for ash wood infested with emerald ash borer (Nzokou et al 2008, Wang et al 2009, Myers et al 2009, Sobek et al 2011.…”

Section: Evidence Of Infestation Types On Firewood Host Types and mentioning

confidence: 99%

Retail Firewood Can Transport Live Tree Pests

et al. 2012

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Untreated firewood can harbor destructive insects and pathogens and transport them to uninfested areas. In a national survey of retail locations selling firewood in 18 states, over half (52%) of the firewood was from sources out of the purchase state and 50% showed evidence of insect infestation. In a three state survey of southern Rocky Mountain retailers, the most common retailer types carrying firewood were grocery stores and department or big box stores followed by gas stations or convenience stores. In 2007-2009, we purchased 419 firewood bundles from retailers in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming and caged the firewood to quantify insect emergence. Live insects emerged from 47% of firewood bundles over 18 mo of rearing time. Approximately 11 insects emerged on average from each infested bundle (1-520 per bundle). Pine, fir, and mixed-conifer bundles yielded the greatest number of insects. Beetles (Coleoptera) were prominent and made up the majority of individuals (3-60 individuals in each of 24 families). Most Coleoptera were bark and ambrosia beetles (subfamily Scolytinae) while wood borers (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae, Siricidae) occurred in lower numbers. Firewood with evidence of previous or current insect infestation was more likely to have insects emerge than firewood without such evidence. The risk of moving live native or nonindigenous insects in untreated firewood is high because insects emerged up to 558 d from purchase date. Retail firewood should be heat treated in a manner to eliminate insects that is uniformly accepted across North America.

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Heat-treatment options and heating times for ash firewood

Cited by 7 publications

References 1 publication

Efficacy of Heat Treatment for the Thousand Cankers Disease Vector and Pathogen in Small Black Walnut Logs

Efficacy of Heat Treatment for the Thousand Cankers Disease Vector and Pathogen in Small Black Walnut Logs

Firewood transport and invasive insect spread in Michigan

Retail Firewood Can Transport Live Tree Pests

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