Heat-Transfer Studies on Some Stable Organic Fluids in a Forced Convection Loop.

Stone, J. P.; Ewing, C. T.; Miller, R. R.

doi:10.1021/je60015a023

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Because Eq. ( 31) also predicted the experimental data of Stone et al [32] with a Reynolds number range of 12 000-401 600 with an average deviation of 13%, it was concluded that this correlation is suitable for very high Reynolds numbers.…”

Section: ±10% ±20%mentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Gnielinski [31] 𝑁𝑢 = ( 2 300 < Re < 10 6 , 0.6 < Pr < 10 5 Source data: [3,14,16,17,20,23,29,[32][33][34], [18,25,[35][36][37][38]]* (7) *It was not possible for the authors to confirm these references because of unavailability. [3] Water Ts Heating 10 107 -38 816 2.9 -3.1 Dittus and Boelter [2] Colburn [9] Sieder and Tate [19] Gnielinski [31] Gas [23] Water Ts Heating 4 113 -140 005 2.2 -8.9 Sieder and Tate [19] Gnielinski [31] Sherwood et al [17] Light hydrocarbon oil Ts Heating 280 -5 570 102 -221 Colburn [9] Sieder and Tate [19] Gnielinski [31] Sherwood and Petrie [16] Water Ts Heating 2 800 -113 000 3.9 -367 Colburn [9] Sieder and Tate [19] Gnielinski [31] Acetone Colburn [9] broke new ground by making use of dimensionless variables such as Reynolds, Prandtl and Nusselt number to reduce the number of variables in the calculation of the heat transfer coefficients.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 2 indicates that the experimental data that were used to develop the correlations in Table 1 were obtained using various test fluids, but the experiments were only conducted up to a Reynolds number of 401 600 [32]. Furthermore, in many cases the experiments conducted with the highest Prandtl number fluids were not necessarily in the turbulent flow regime, but in the laminar flow regime (owing to the significant increase in pressure drop with increasing Reynolds number when high viscosity fluids were used).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Heat transfer coefficients of laminar, transitional, quasi-turbulent and turbulent flow in circular tubes

Meyer

Everts

Coetzee

et al. 2019

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

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Section: ±10% ±20%mentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat transfer coefficients of laminar, transitional, quasi-turbulent and turbulent flow in circular tubes

Meyer

Everts

Coetzee

et al. 2019

International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

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“…The relative over-all heat transfer performances of polyphenyls were calculated in both the liquid and vapor states ( 16) by inserting the physical property values in the Dittus-Boelter equation (25). In the liquid state, biphenyl is the best coolant among the pure polyphenyls at temperatures up to 300°C., whereas o-terphenyl is superior at higher temperatures.…”

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confidence: 99%

Thermal conductivity and viscosity of biphenyl and the terphenyls

Hedley¹,

Milnes²,

Yanko³

1970

J. Chem. Eng. Data

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT I thank E. Whalley f o r helpful discussions, and R. J.Farland, National Oceanographic Instrumentation Center, Washington, D. C., f o r sending me the observations of Carnvale and coworkers ( 2 ) .The thermal conductivities and viscosities of liquid biphenyl and the three terphenylt were measured over a range of temperatures using the hot-wire and capillary viscometer methods. These properties were also calculated as a function of temperature in the vapor phase to provide data for calculation of the performance of these compounds in heat transfer and other applications. Equations for the thermal conductivity of vapors at low pressure were formulated directly from a general equation fitted to the tabulated data of Bromley and Wilke. The viscosities of solutions of nine electrolytes-KCI, KI, KBr, KMnOd, LiCI, Lizso4, NaZC03, NaF, and MnSOd-in heavy water have been determined at 25', 35', 4 5 O , 60°, 75', and 90' C. a t various concentrations up to near saturation.

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Biphenyl and Terphenyls

Thompson

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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Biphenyl (diphenyl, phenylbenzene) and terphenyl are the lowest members of a family of polyphenyls in which benzene rings are attached one to another in a chainlike manner, C 6 H 5 (C 6 H 4 ) m C 6 H 5 . Many higher polyphenyls are known, but only biphenyl and the terphenyls are of commercial significance. Pure biphenyl is a white crystalline solid that separates from solvents as plates or monoclinic prismatic crystals. Commercial samples are often slightly yellow or tan in color. Similarly, pure terphenyls are white crystalline solids whereas commercial grades are somewhat yellow or tan. Biphenyl and terphenyls may be regarded as substituted benzenes that undergo acylation, alkylation, halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, and other reactions common to benzene. Terphenyls, like biphenyl, undergo the usual reactions of aromatic hydrocarbons. Biphenyl is recovered from high boiler fractions that accompany the hydrodealkylation of toluene to benzene. High purity biphenyl is produced by Monsanto by direct dehydro‐condensation of benzene. Terphenyls are also obtained from the higher boiling polyphenyl by‐products that accompany the biphenyl. By‐product biphenyl is usually sold as a dye carrier in the molten state in tank truck or tank car lots. Grades of higher purity are also sold in the molten state or as flakes in 22.7‐kg bags. Biphenyl is defined as a toxic chemical under, and subject to, reporting requirements of Section 313 of Title III of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986 and 40 CFR, Part 372, under the name biphenyl. It is identified as a hazardous chemical under criteria of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). The small amount of mixed terphenyls that are sold as such are shipped in the form of flaked solids in 22.7‐kg multiwall bags. Like biphenyl, mixed terphenyls fall under the hazardous chemical criteria of the OSHA Hazard Communication Standard (29 CFR 1910.1200). About 10% of the biphenyl derived from HDA sources is consumed as 93–95% grade in textile dye carrier applications. The remainder is used for alkylation or upgraded to grades for heat‐transfer purposes. Most of the terphenyl produced is converted to a partially hydrogenated form. Although biphenyl and the terphenyls fall under the hazardous chemical criteria of the OSHA Hazard Communications Standard, the products themselves are fairly low in toxicity and do not constitute a serious industrial hazard. Because biphenyl is often transported in the molten state, a moderate fire hazard does exist. The widespread use of biphenyl and methyl‐substituted biphenyls as dye carriers in the textile industry has given rise to significant environmental concern because of the amount released to the environment in wastewater effluent. The prospect of their conversion by chlorination to PCBs in the course of wastewater treatment has been a subject of environmental focus. Terphenyls do not constitute an environmental threat. Short‐chain alkylated biphenyls are the principal biphenyl derivatives in commercial use. Several functionalized biphenyls either are, or show promise of becoming, commercially significant polymer building blocks.

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Heat-Transfer Studies on Some Stable Organic Fluids in a Forced Convection Loop.

Cited by 13 publications

References 4 publications

Heat transfer coefficients of laminar, transitional, quasi-turbulent and turbulent flow in circular tubes

Heat transfer coefficients of laminar, transitional, quasi-turbulent and turbulent flow in circular tubes

Thermal conductivity and viscosity of biphenyl and the terphenyls

Biphenyl and Terphenyls

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