“…In these processes heat is generally transferred by conduction and convection between a solid surface and particles that move relative to the surface. Over the last 50 years, there has been a continued interest in the role of system parameters and in the mechanisms of heat transfer between granular media and the boundary surfaces in fluidized beds (Mickey and Fairbanks, 1955;Basakov, 1964;Zeigler and Agarwal, 1969;Khan, 2002), dense phase chutes, hoppers and packed beds (Schotte, 1960;Sullivan and Sabersky, 1975;Broughton and Kubie, 1976;Spelt et al, 1982;Patton et al, 1987;Thomas et al, 1998), dryers and rotary reactors and kilns (Lehmberg et al, 1977;Whitaker, 1977;Perry and Chilton, 1984;Lybaert, 1986;Malhotra, 1991;Boateng and Barr, 1998). In many of these studies, empirical correlations relating bed temperature to surface heat transfer coefficients for a range of operating variables have been proposed.…”