“…The enhancement of their efficiency remains still of great concern for engineers and users. One of the most effective ways for an important heat exchange (HE) within a smooth airway, such as cooling or heating solar ducts, with lower high flow rates, is the use of attached (Kadari et al, 2018) or detached (Kaewkohkiat et al, 2017), transverse (Hosseinirad et al, 2019) or longitudinal (Wang et al, 2019), orthogonal (Karmakar & Mohanty, 2019) or inclined (Phila et al, 2020), solid (Li et al, 2020a), slotted (Alfellag et al, 2020), perforated (Liu et al, 2019) or porous (Davari & Maerefat, 2016), and simple (Hanna et al, 2002), corrugated (Gholami et al, 2019) or shaped (Menni et al, CONTACT Mohsen Sharifpur mohsensharifpur@duytan.edu.vn; mohsen.sharifpur@up.ac.za; Mohammad Hossein Ahmadi mohammadhosein.ahmadi@gmail.com 2020a) type inserts, known as vortex generators (VGs), turbulators, turbulence promoters, or deflectors (Awais & Bhuiyan, 2018;Huang et al, 2018), such as ribs, baffles, or fins (Ameur, 2019;Boukhadia et al, 2018), placed in parallel, in-line, or staggered arrays (Lee et al, 2018). These vortex generators are utilized to lengthen the trajectory of the fluid particles and to increase the interaction between them, which generates improved thermal efficiency.…”