“…For instance, a study conducted by Liu et al [ 11 ] showed that the use of nanofluids enhanced the efficiency of the solar collector by 25%. Another example, using ZnO nano-fluid, the heat transfer coefficient of a shell and tube heat exchanger is enhanced by 40% [ 12 ]. The performance of nanofluids in various energy applications has been extensively reviewed in the literature, with a primary focus on assessing the sustainability of different types of nanofluids [ [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] ].…”