Heat transfer analysis and second degree burn prediction in human skin exposed to flame and radiant heat using dual phase lag phenomenon

Prediction methods of skin burn for performance evaluation of thermal protective clothing

“…Fourier's law assumes that the heat transfer speed is infinite, that is, any local temperature disturbance causes an instantaneous perturbation in temperature at each point in the medium [46]. It has been demonstrated that Fourier's law is not applicable especially for high temperature gradient and nonhomogeneous structures [47], which is exactly the case for skin burn. Therefore, Zhu [15] used a thermal wave model of bio-heat transfer (TWBT) and Udayraj [47] used a dual-phase lag model of bio-heat transfer (DPLMBT) to predict burn time in which thermal relaxation time t is considered.…”

“…where t q and t t represents the thermal inertia of the medium and microstructural interaction in the nonhomogeneous media, respectively [47]. In DPLMBT, the phase lags for both heat flux t q (i.e., thermal relaxation time in TWMBT) and temperature gradient t t are considered.…”

“…In DPLMBT, the phase lags for both heat flux t q (i.e., thermal relaxation time in TWMBT) and temperature gradient t t are considered. However, Udayraj [47] reported a large variation in burn time (up to 3-6 s) for second-degree burn using the PBHT, TWMBT, and DPLMBT; thus, the validity of considering such a relaxation time or a phase lag should be further discussed.…”

Thermal analysis of laser-irradiated tissue phantoms using dual phase lag model coupled with transient radiative transfer equation

“…Moreover, Fourier law shows limitations in applications wherein one employs short duration laser pulses, temperatures of the range of cryogenics, studying the thermal responses of non-homogeneous structures such as biological samples etc. [19][20][21][22][23]. In order to overcome these limitations of Fourier heat conduction, efforts have been made by a select group of researchers in developing non-Fourier heat conduction models that take into account the finite speed of light propagation through the biological samples which are inherently non-homogeneous in nature.…”

“…In this direction, a parametric study wherein the values of s q and s T have been varied in the range recommended by the previous researchers (e.g. [19,28]) has been performed and their effects on the thermal response of the tissue phantoms have been discussed.…”