Heat stress, Eimeria spp. and C. perfringens infections alone or in combination modify gut Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and avian necrotic enteritis pathogenesis

Calefi, Atílio Sersun; Quinteiro-Filho, W.M.; Siqueira, Adriana de; Lima, Ana Paula Nascimento de; Cruz, Danielle Keylla Alencar; Hazarbassanov, Nicolle Queiroz; Salvagni, Fernanda Auciello; Borsoi, Anderlise; Massoco, Cristina de Oliveira; Maiorka, Paulo César; Ferreira, Antônio José Piantino; Palermo-Neto, João

doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.001

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…For example, chickens on organic farms not administered antimicrobials exhibit higher colonization rates by C. perfringens [8,42]. Our results are in agreement with other studies in poultry that have demonstrated that potential stressors experienced during production, such as heat and cold temperature exposures and high stocking densities, can be associated with increased densities of C. perfringens [43][44][45]. It is unclear from the results of the current study, as well as previous reports, whether increased C. perfringens densities may have been a contributor to altered bacterial diversity observed in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…It is unclear from the results of the current study, as well as previous reports, whether increased C. perfringens densities may have been a contributor to altered bacterial diversity observed in the current study. Previous reports linking stress with increased C. perfringens densities did not examine the intestinal microbiota [43][44][45]. The altered structure of bacterial communities that we observed, which coincided with increased C. perfringens, are not mutually exclusive factors as C. perfringens only increased in birds receiving CORT treatment.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

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Physiological Stress Mediated by Corticosterone Administration Alters Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Increases the Relative Abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the Small Intestine of Chickens

2020

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A model of physiological stress mediated by the administration of corticosterone (CORT) was used to investigate the impact of stress on the intestinal microbiota of chickens. Birds were administered CORT in their drinking water at 0, 10 (low dose CORT; LDC), and 30 (high dose CORT; HDC) mg/L. Digesta from the small intestine and ceca were examined after 1, 5, and 12 days post-initiation of CORT administration by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. A decrease in phylogenetic diversity and altered composition of bacteria were observed for HDC in the small intestine. Analysis by ANOVA-Like Differential Expression 2 (ALDEx2) showed that densities of Clostridium sensu stricto 1 bacteria were increased in the small intestine for LDC and HDC. Quantitative PCR confirmed that CORT administration increased densities of Clostridium perfringens in the small intestine, but only HDC was associated with increased densities of the bacterium in ceca. Predictive functional analysis by Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States 2 (PICRUSt2) showed pathways of carbohydrate metabolism to be enriched with CORT, and amino acid synthesis to be enriched in control birds in the small intestine. In conclusion, physiological stress mediated by CORT modulated bacterial communities in the small intestine and increased densities of C. perfringens. This implicates stress as an important mediator of this important enteric pathogen in poultry.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 64%

Physiological Stress Mediated by Corticosterone Administration Alters Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Increases the Relative Abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the Small Intestine of Chickens

2020

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“…The challenge using CP exclusively, without association with predisposing factors, does not allow the pathogen establishment in the intestine, expression of clinical signs, as well as significant changes in the microbiota of birds [ 37 , 38 ]. Thus, several factors are used to predispose to the disease development, such as the administration of Eimeria spp., immunosuppression, diets with a high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides [ 12 ] and heat stress [ 18 ] which must be combined with the challenge with virulent CP for an efficient development of the disease experimentally [ 39 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Different studies [ 16 , 18 , 66 ] indicate that a diet with a high concentration of non-starch polysaccharides, environmental stress, immunosuppressive diseases, and infection by Eimeria spp. are important predisposing factors for the development of NE in broilers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of coccidia infection to promote tissue damage is commonly used [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Other studies also associate immunosuppression with infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) [ 16 , 17 ], as it makes it difficult to eliminate the infection caused by CP [ 18 ]. The supply of diets containing high levels of non-starch polysaccharides with wheat and other grains [ 19 ] increase the digesta viscosity and prolong intestinal transit time [ 20 , 21 ], favoring CP growth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of Predisposing Factors of Necrotic Enteritis in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens

Justino

Baptista

Souza

et al. 2022

Animals

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Clostridium perfringens is the etiological agent of NE, a disease that greatly affects the poultry industry. Experiments on the induction of NE are difficult to carry out, as it is a multifactorial disease, and thus different predisposing factors have been used. This study evaluated the effect of the Gumboro disease vaccine virus vaccine (IBDV-vac) associated or not with infection by Eimeria spp. in broilers, as a predisposing factor for NE. Broilers (n = 99) were divided into groups (11) challenged with IBDV-vac, Eimeria spp. CP type G (CP13, CP14 and CP03) or both. The macroscopic evaluation revealed that the highest average (3.45) of injury occurred for the CP13 + IBDV-vac group. The microscopic analysis showed that Eimeria spp. increased the population of intraepithelial lymphocytes and reduced the villus/crypt ratio in duodenum and jejunum when associated with CP13 or CP14. There was a synergistic effect between the CP strain used and the predisposing factors; nevertheless, it was not clear which was the most effective predisposing factor to potentiate the lesions, suggesting that the association of the strain with the factors should first be evaluated for each experimental protocol.

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Adverse effects of heat stress during summer on broiler chickens production and antioxidant mitigating effects

et al. 2022

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Broiler chicken meat is a good source of protein consumed universally, and is one of the most commonly farmed species in world. In addition to providing food, poultry non-edible byproducts also have value. A major advantage of broiler chicken production is their short production cycle, which results in a greater rate of production in comparison to other species. However, as with any production system, there are constraints in broiler production with one of the most pressing being energy requirements to keep the birds warm as chicks and cool later in the growth cycle, as a result of the cost needing mechanical heating and cooling. While this is feasible in more advanced economies, this is not readily affordable in developing economies. As a result, farmers rely on natural ventilation to cool the rearing houses, which generally becoming excessively warm with the resultant heat stress on the birds. Since little can be done without resorting to mechanical ventilation and cooling, exploring the use of other means to reduce heat stress is needed. For this review, we cover the various factors that induce heat stress, the physiological and behavioral responses of broiler chickens to heat stress. We also look at mitigating the adverse effect of heat stress through the use of antioxidants which possess either an anti-stress and/or antioxidant effects.

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Heat stress, Eimeria spp. and C. perfringens infections alone or in combination modify gut Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and avian necrotic enteritis pathogenesis

Cited by 12 publications

References 35 publications

Physiological Stress Mediated by Corticosterone Administration Alters Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Increases the Relative Abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the Small Intestine of Chickens

Physiological Stress Mediated by Corticosterone Administration Alters Intestinal Bacterial Communities and Increases the Relative Abundance of Clostridium perfringens in the Small Intestine of Chickens

Evaluation of Predisposing Factors of Necrotic Enteritis in Experimentally Challenged Broiler Chickens

Adverse effects of heat stress during summer on broiler chickens production and antioxidant mitigating effects

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