Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Schuckmann, Karina von; Minère, Audrey; Gues, Flora; Cuesta‐Valero, Francisco José; Kirchengast, Gottfried; Adusumilli, Susheel; Straneo, Fiammetta; Allan, Richard P.; Barker, Paul M.; Beltrami, Hugo; Boyer, Tim; Cheng, Lijing; Church, John A.; Desbruyères, Damien; Dolman, A. J.; Domingues, Catia M.; García‐García, Almudena; Giglio, Donata; Gilson, John; Gorfer, Maximilian; Haimberger, Leopold; Hendricks, Stefan; Hosoda, Shigeki; Johnson, Gregory C.; Killick, Rachel; King, Brian; Kolodziejczyk, Nikolas; Korosov, Anton; Krinner, Gerhard; Kuusela, Mikael; Langer, Moritz; Lee, Thomas; Lawrence, Isobel; Li, Yuehua; Lyman, John M.; Marzeion, Ben; Mayer, Michael; MacDougall, Andrew H.; McDougall, Trevor J.; Monselesan, Didier Paolo; Nitzbon, Jan; Otosaka, Inés; Peng, Jian; Purkey, Sarah G.; Roemmich, Dean; Sato, Kanako; Sato, Katsunari; Savita, Abhishek; Schweiger, Axel; Shepherd, Andrew; Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Simons, Leon A.; Slater, Donald; Slater, Thomas; Smith, Noah; Steiner, Andrea; Suga, Toshio; Szekely, Tanguy; Thiery, Wim; Timmermans, Mary‐Louise; Vanderkelen, Inne; Wjiffels, Susan E.; Wu, Tonghua; Zemp, Michael

doi:10.5194/essd-2022-239

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 169 publications

(253 reference statements)

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“…Parameter ranges where 0.55-6, 0.5-1.25 and -1.75--0.25 respectively. The calibration was made to fit observed temperatures from HadCrut (Morice et al, 2021) and ocean heat content from GCOS (von Schuckmann et al, 2023), timeseries including uncertainties. However, not to make the fit too difficult for a quick demonstration, only data from every 30 th year of the timeseries were used.…”

Section: New Parallel and Calibration Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool

Sandstad,

Aamaas,

Johansen

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Abstract. The CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM) is a lightweight, semi-empirical model of global climate. Here we present a new open-source Python port of the model for use in climate assessment and research. The new version of CICERO-SCM has the same scientific logic and functionality as the original FORTRAN version but it is considerably more flexible and open source via Github. We describe the basic structure, improvements compared to the previous FORTRAN version, together with technical descriptions of the global thermal dynamics and carbon cycle components and the emissions module, before presenting a range of standard figures demonstrating its application. A new parameter calibration tool is demonstrated to make an example calibrated parameter set to span and fit a simple target specification. CICERO-SCM is fully open source and available through GitHub (https://github.com/ciceroOslo/ciceroscm).

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Section: New Parallel and Calibration Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…with HadCrut temperature data (Morice et al, 2021), and GCOS ocean heat content data (von Schuckmann et al, 2023), all openly available datasets.…”

Section: Code Availabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool

Sandstad,

Aamaas,

Johansen

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…Air temperatures have increased over the ice caps, increasing the loss of ice as discharged fresh water resulting in warmer oceans and subsequently a warmer atmosphere (Otosaka et al , 2022). The heat energy that has been accumulated over the decades warming the ocean, land, cryosphere and atmosphere has resulted in unprecedented and committed changes to the Earths’ system (von Schuckmann et al , 2022).…”

Section: Urgent Sector Based Action Is Requiredmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guest editorial: Building performance and sustainable infrastructure: unsustainable return to practice

Gorse

Booth

Scott

2023

IJBPA

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Unsustainable return to practiceThe abrupt decline in global carbon emissions experienced during the pandemic was not sustainable. Overwhelmingly, this is evidenced by the advanced economies' swift return to close to pre-pandemic levels and, of greater concern, the total global use of fossil fuels has rebounded to their highest level in history (IEA, 2021;Jackson et al., 2022). Unfortunately, post-pandemic, the anthropic life threating activities have resumed.Although the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) galvanised a global response with Net Zero pledges, the United Nations implementation data presents a sobering picture (UN, 2022). The impact data report reveals that the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is in grave danger (UN, 2022). Many of the sectors in the major economies remain outdated and carbon intensive, with initial commitments not matched by action (Marteau et al., 2021; UN Environment Programme, 2020). The construction industry in this regard, being responsible for 37% of global emissions, carries a considerable share of the burden (Hamilton et al., 2021). A radical transformation is required to decarbonise the sector and buildings (Murtagh et al., 2023). The UK's Net Zero Strategy -"Build Back Greener" (HM Government, 2021), which sets out the polices and proposals for 2050 decarbonisation seeks to address the transition required from the major economic sectors. However, in a recent High Court legal challenge from environmental groups it was held that the Strategy provided insufficient information on how the carbon budgets would be met (Friends of the Earth Ltd., Client Earth, Good Law Project and Janna Wheatly and Secretary of State for Business Energy and Industrial Strategy, 2022). Although early decarbonation of sections of energy supply show progress, other sectors present a sizeable hurdle. This is especially so in the construction sector, which is not maintaining pace towards Net Zero (Hamilton et al., 2021). The Royal Academy of Engineering notes that much more needs to be done (Mitchell et al., 2021). The Academy calls for better design and specification, major developments in construction and reuse of buildings and materials, as well as significant changes to procurement if the sector is to achieve Net Zero by 2050.The research reported in this special issue of the International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation, which focusses on building performance and infrastructure, affirms just how wide and varied the challenge is and how critical research is to the solution.Here, even where research is advancing, there are still knowledge gaps.The contributing academic papers clearly identify transformational challenges both with current practice, existing methodologies and measurement tools. Bruce-Konuah et al. (2023) found that all domestic building occupants in their study of heating behaviour manually override their heating system, undermining the use of the thermostat set point. Agyekum et al. (2023) showed that even when buildings were sustainably certified using ...

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“…Evaluating thermal diffusivity changes with depth using a CA can therefore be a useful approach to determine soil depth at observational sites when no borehole rock samples are available. The deep monitoring profiles at the Sierra de Guadarrama are unique and provide a wider insight into subsurface thermal structure, which may have implications for calibrating soil and bedrock properties in models (Tong et al, 2016;Dai et al, 2019) and monitoring land heat uptake in the terrestrial energy budget (Cuesta-Valero et al, 2022a, b;von Schuckmann et al, 2022).…”

Section: Subsurface Thermal Regime: the Smmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A deeper insight into the soil thermal structure is required to understand changes in its thermal properties with depth, relevant for Land Surface Models (LSMs) and therefore with implications on land-atmosphere interactions affecting Earth System (Smerdon and Stieglitz, 2006;Ekici et al, 2014;Hermoso de Mendoza et al, 2020;Steinert et al, 2021) and forecast models (Miralles et al, 2019). A better characterization of subsurface thermal properties can also contribute to derive more accurate land heat uptake estimates, which is the second component contributing the most to terrestrial energy partitioning (Cuesta-Valero et al, 2022b;von Schuckmann et al, 2022). This paper tests the compliance of the SAT-GST coupling and conductive thermal propagation hypotheses in the penetration of SAT perturbations into the subsurface at a high-altitude area in Central Spain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic and hydrological drivers of the subsurface thermal regime in Central Spain

García-Pereira¹,

González-Rouco

Schmid

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Abstract. An assessment of the soil and bedrock thermal structure of the Sierra de Guadarrama, in Central Spain, is provided using subsurface and ground surface temperature data coming from four deep (20 m) monitoring profiles belonging to the Guadarrama Monitoring Network (GuMNet), and two shallow (1 m) from the Spanish Meteorology Service (AEMET), covering the time span of 2015–2021 and 1989–2018, respectively. An evaluation of air and ground surface temperature coupling shows soil insulation due to snow cover is the main source of seasonal decoupling, being especially relevant in winter at high altitude sites. Temperature propagation in the subsurface is characterized by assuming a heat conductive regime, by considering apparent thermal diffusivity values derived from the amplitude attenuation and phase shift of the annual cycle with depth. For the deep profiles, the apparent thermal diffusivity ranges from 1 to 1.3 10−6 m2s−1, consistent with values for gneiss and granite, the major bedrock components in the Sierra de Guadarrama. However, thermal diffusivity is lower and more heterogeneous in the soil layers close to the surface (0.4–0.8 10−6 m2s−1). An increase of diffusivity with depth is observed, being generally larger in the soil-bedrock transition, at 4–8 m depth. A new method based on the spectral attenuation of temperature harmonics allows for analyzing thermal diffusivity from high-frequency changes in the soil near the surface at short timescales. The results are relevant for the understanding of soil thermodynamics in relation to other soil properties and suggest that changes in heat diffusivity are related to soil moisture content changes, which makes this method a potential tool in soil drought and water resource availability reconstruction from soil temperature data.

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Heat stored in the Earth system 1960–2020: Where does the energy go?

Cited by 4 publications

References 169 publications

CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool

CICERO Simple Climate Model (CICERO-SCM v1.1.1) – an improved simple climate model with a parameter calibration tool

Guest editorial: Building performance and sustainable infrastructure: unsustainable return to practice

Thermodynamic and hydrological drivers of the subsurface thermal regime in Central Spain

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