“…HSFs specifically identify and bind heat shock elements (HSEs), which contain nGAAnnTTCn or nTTCnnGAAn in the downstream target genes' promoters (Littlefield & Nelson, 1999). Class A members (HSFA1a , HSFA1b ,HSFA1d , HSFA1e , HSFA2 , and HSFA3 ) positively regulate plant heat tolerance (Charng, Liu, Liu, Chi, Wang, Chang & Wang, 2007, Nishizawa-Yokoi, Nosaka, Hayashi, Tainaka, Maruta, Tamoi, Ikeda, Ohme-Takagi, Yoshimura, Yabuta & Shigeoka, 2011, Qian, Chen, Liu, Yang, Li & Zhang, 2014, Schramm, Larkindale, Kiehlmann, Ganguli, Englich, Vierling & Von Koskull-Döring, 2008, Tian, Wang, Zhao, Lan, Yu, Zhang, Qin, Hu, Yao, Ni, Sun, Rossi, Peng & Xin, 2020, while, in contrast, Class B HSFs (HSFB1 and HSFB2b ) negatively regulate heat-induced HSFs and plant heat tolerance (Ikeda, Mitsuda & Ohme-Takagi, 2011). In addition to responding to heat stress, plant HSFs also participate in other stress pathways.…”