e Heat shock proteins (HSPs) have been successfully applied to a broad range of vaccines as biological adjuvants to enhance the immune response. The recently defined HSP110, in particular, exhibits strong protein binding affinity and is capable of enhancing the immunogenicity of protein antigens remarkably more than other HSP family members. In our previous study, we verified that murine HSP110 (mHSP110) significantly enhanced the immune response of a C57BL/6 mouse model to the H-2 d -restricted human papillomavirus (HPV) E7 49-57 epitope (short peptide spanning the 49th to 57th amino acid residues in the E7 protein). To determine whether HSP110 similarly enhances the immunogenicity of human epitope peptides, we used the HLA-A2 transgenic mouse model to investigate the efficacy of the mHSP110 chaperone molecule as an immunoadjuvant of the human HLA-A2-restricted HPV16 E7 11-20 epitope vaccine. Results showed that mHSP110 efficiently formed a noncovalently bound complex with the E7 11-20 epitope. The mHSP110-E7 11-20 complex induced epitope-specific splenocyte proliferation and E7 11-20 -specific gamma interferon (IFN-␥) secretion. Importantly, cytotoxic T lymphocytes primed by the mHSP110-E7 11-20 complex exerted strong cytolytic effects on target T 2 cells pulsed with the E7 11-20 peptide or TC-1 cells transfected with the HLA-A2 gene. In addition, the mHSP110-E7 11-20 complex elicited stronger ex vivo and in vivo antitumor responses than either emulsified complete Freund's adjuvant or HSP70-chaperoned E7 11-20 peptide. These collective data suggest that HSP110 is a promising immunomodulator candidate for peptide-based human cancer vaccines, such as for the HLA-A2-restricted E7 11-20 epitope.C ervical cancer (CaCx) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide. CaCx is strongly associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, particularly HPV types 16 and 18. Several clinical studies have demonstrated constitutive expression of the HPV16 oncoproteins E6 and E7 in the majority of cervical tumor cells (1-4). Since cervical tumors often recur after surgery and/or radiotherapy (5, 6), it is critical to develop prophylactic and therapeutic strategies that completely eliminate the tumor cells. HPV16 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes may be good candidates for the development of an effective peptide-based antitumor vaccine (7-9). In fact, studies in animal models have already shown that HPV16-specific CTLs can safely eradicate HPV16-transformed tumor cells in vivo (10).To date, many therapeutic vaccine strategies have been developed targeting the HPV16 E6/E7 proteins (11-14). Among these, the synthetic peptide-based strategies have the particularly remarkable advantages of convenient and low-cost high-throughput preparation and rare occurrences of adverse reactions, including general toxicity, immunosuppression, and autoimmunity (15-17). More importantly, when generating specific CTLs it is possible to select the length of the amino acid sequence that is most suitable for the particular a...