Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems

David, Andrei; Mathiesen, Brian Vad; Averfalk, Helge; Werner, Sven; Lund, Henrik

doi:10.3390/en10040578

Cited by 183 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…A precondition to design strategies allowing to progress along these two axes is to have a better knowledge of the territorial energy demand. Territorial aspects related to heat and electricity consumption are a main concern of major EU research projects, such as Connolly et al (2013), Persson et al (2014), and David et al (2017). The territorial aspect of heat demand is predominant, since heat is difficult and expensive to transport over long distances.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial–Temporal Analysis of the Heat and Electricity Demand of the Swiss Building Stock

Schneider

Hollmuller

Strat

et al. 2017

Front. Built Environ.

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In 2015, space heating and domestic hot water production accounted for around 40% of the Swiss final energy consumption. Reaching the goals of the 2050 energy strategy will require significantly reducing this share despite the growing building stock. Renewables are numerous but subject to spatial-temporal constraints. Territorial planning of energy distribution systems enabling the integration of renewables requires having a spatial-temporal characterization of the energy demand. This paper presents two bottom-up statistical extrapolation models for the estimation of the geo-dependent heat and electricity demand of the Swiss building stock. The heat demand is estimated by means of a statistical bottom-up model applied at the building level. At the municipality level, the electricity load curve is estimated by combining socio-economic indicators with average consumption per activity and/or electric device. This approach also allows to break down the estimated electricity demand according to activity type (e.g., households, various industry, and service activities) and appliance type (e.g., lighting, motor force, fridges). The total estimated aggregated demand is 94 TWh for heat and 58 TWh for electricity, which represent a deviation of 2.9 and 0.5%, respectively compared to the national energy consumption statistics. In addition, comparisons between estimated and measured electric load curves are done to validate the proposed approach. Finally, these models are used to build a geo-referred database of heat and electricity demand for the entire Swiss territory. As an application of the heat demand model, a realistic saving potential is estimated for the existing building stock; this potential could be achieved through by a deep retrofit program. One advantage of the statistical bottom-up model approach is that it allows to simulate a building stock that replicates the diversity of building demand. This point is important in order to correctly account for the mismatch between gross and net energy saving potential, often called performance gap. The impact of this performance gap is substantial since the estimated net saving potential is only half of the gross one.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial–Temporal Analysis of the Heat and Electricity Demand of the Swiss Building Stock

Schneider

Hollmuller

Strat

et al. 2017

Front. Built Environ.

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show abstract

“…The necessary expansion of the grid and ancillary services can deploy existing technology (see Sections 3.4 and 3.5). Heat pumps are used widely [172]. Battery storage, contrary to the authors' paper, is a proven technology already implemented in billions of devices worldwide (including a utility-scale 100 MW plant in South Australia [173] and 700 MW of utility-scale batteries in the United States at the end of 2017 [174]).…”

Section: Our Feasibility Criterion 6: Should Not Rely On Unproven Tecmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to ‘Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable-electricity systems’

Brown

Bischof-Niemz

Blok

et al. 2018

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

385

220

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A recent article 'Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable-electricity systems' claims that many studies of 100% renewable electricity systems do not demonstrate sufficient technical feasibility, according to the criteria of the article's authors (henceforth 'the authors'). Here we analyse the authors' methodology and find it problematic. The feasibility criteria chosen by the authors are important, but are also easily addressed at low economic cost, while not affecting the main conclusions of the reviewed studies and certainly not affecting their technical feasibility. A more thorough review reveals that all of the issues have already been addressed in the engineering and modelling literature. Nuclear power, which the authors have evaluated positively elsewhere, faces other, genuine feasibility problems, such as the finiteness of uranium resources and a reliance on unproven technologies in the medium-to long-term. Energy systems based on renewables, on the other hand, are not only feasible, but already economically viable and decreasing in cost every year.

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“…District heating networks might cover a significant portion of the future heating demand in large parts of Europe as discussed in [15]. The heat in such a district heating network can be supplied in a number of ways, for example by large-scale heat pumps (reviewed in [16]) or by combined heat and power units to supply both heat and electricity to a neighborhood (e.g., [17]). In the future, the Ecovat system could also be combined with a district heating network to supply the heat demand of a neighborhood, by storing heat at times it is available, for example from renewable energy sources, until it is required by the district heating network to supply the heat demand.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving an Integer Linear Programming Model of an Ecovat Buffer by Adding Long-Term Planning

2017

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Abstract:The Ecovat is a seasonal thermal storage solution consisting of a large underground water tank divided into a number of virtual segments that can be individually charged and discharged. The goal of the Ecovat is to supply heat demand to a neighborhood throughout the entire year. In this work, we extend an integer linear programming model to describe the charging and discharging of such an Ecovat buffer by adding a long-term (yearly) planning step to the model. We compare the results from the model using this extension to previously obtained results and show significant improvements when looking at the combination of costs and the energy content of the buffer at the end of the optimization. Furthermore, we show that the model is very robust against prediction errors. For this, we compare two different cases: one case in which we assume perfect predictions are available and one case in which we assume no predictions are available. The largest observed difference in costs between these two cases is less than 2%.

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Heat Roadmap Europe: Large-Scale Electric Heat Pumps in District Heating Systems

Cited by 183 publications

References 22 publications

Spatial–Temporal Analysis of the Heat and Electricity Demand of the Swiss Building Stock

Spatial–Temporal Analysis of the Heat and Electricity Demand of the Swiss Building Stock

Response to ‘Burden of proof: A comprehensive review of the feasibility of 100% renewable-electricity systems’

Improving an Integer Linear Programming Model of an Ecovat Buffer by Adding Long-Term Planning

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