Heat resistance of nosocomial enterococci

Freeman, R. F.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91091-x

Cited by 27 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The optimum growth temperature is at 35 °C, but the growth temperature can range from 10 to 45 °C (Facklam & Collins, 1989). Furthermore, enterococci are able to survive extreme temperature and chemical disinfectants like chlorine, glutaraldehyde and alcohol, which is an important characteristic for their survival and spread in hospitals (Freeman et al , 1994; Kearns et al , 1995; Bradley & Fraise, 1996). All enterococci grow in broth containing 6.5% NaCl and hydrolyze esculin in the presence of 40% bile salts (bile–esculin medium) (Facklam & Collins, 1989).…”

Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of CC17Enterococcus faecium: from commensal to hospital-adapted pathogen

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Willems

Bonten

2008

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

221

176

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For many years, Enterococcus faecium was considered to be a commensal of the digestive tract, which only sporadically caused opportunistic infections in severely ill patients. Over the last two decades, vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VREF) has emerged worldwide as an important cause of nosocomial infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. The global Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) epidemic was preceded by the emergence of ampicillin-resistant E. faecium (AREfm) in the United States in the early 1980s, followed by the rapid emergence of VRE in the 1990s. A similar increase of VRE may occur in countries with still low levels of VRE in hospitals (such as The Netherlands), but increasing incidence of AREfm infections. Molecular epidemiological studies of both human- and animal-derived E. faecium isolates using multilocus sequence typing revealed the existence of host-specific genogroups, including a specific genetic lineage designated CC17, associated with hospital-related isolates. These strains were characterized by ampicillin and quinolone resistance. In addition, the majority of these CC17 isolates contain over hundred hospital-clade-specific genes, including mobile elements, phage genes and plasmid sequences, hypothetical and membrane proteins and antibiotic and regulatory genes and a putative pathogenicity island including the esp gene.

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Section: Generalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of CC17Enterococcus faecium: from commensal to hospital-adapted pathogen

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Willems

Bonten

2008

FEMS Immunology &Amp; Medical Microbiology

221

176

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“…2 All isolates were positive for EfaAfm and sgrA in addition to the virulence gene results showed in this table. 3 The PFGE types and subtypes have been determined according to Carrico et al (7). 81% threshold similarity value of Dice dendrogam is used to designate type (Capital roman number) and 97% to designate subtype (small letter).…”

Section: S1-nuclease Pfge I-ceui Digestion Southern Transfer and Hymentioning

confidence: 99%

Clustering of polyclonal VanB‐type vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium in a low‐endemic area was associated with CC17‐genogroup strains harbouring transferable vanB2‐Tn5382 and pRUM‐like repA containing plasmids with axe‐txe plasmid addiction systems

Bjørkeng

Rasmussen

Sundsfjord

et al. 2011

APMIS

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VanB-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium isolates (n = 17) from 15 patients at the Örebro University hospital in Sweden during a span of 18 months was characterized. All patients had underlying disorders and received broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) grouped 14 isolates in three PFGE types and three isolates in unique PFGE patterns. All isolates had multi-locus sequence types [ST17 (n = 5); ST18 (n = 3); ST125 (n = 7); ST262 (n = 1); ST460 (n = 1)] belonging to the successful hospital-adapted clonal complex 17 (CC17), harboured CC17-associated virulence genes, were vanB2-positive and expressed diverse vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MICs; 8 to > 256 mg/L). Isolate 1 had a unique PFGE type and a chromosomal transferable vanB2-Tn5382 element. Interestingly, the other five PFGE types had Tn5382 located on plasmids containing pRUM-like repA and a plasmid addiction system (axe-txe) shown by co-hybridization analysis of PFGE-separated S1-nuclease digested total DNA. The resistance plasmids were mainly of 120-kb and supported intraspecies vanB transfer. Two strains were isolated from patient 6 and we observed a possible transfer of the vanB2-resistance genes from PFGE type III ST460 to a more successful PFGE type I ST125. This latter PFGE type I ST125 became the predominant type afterwards. Our observations support the notion that vanB-type vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium can persist in a low-endemic area through successful clones and plasmids with stability functions in hospital patients with known risk factors.

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“…In some studies, isolates from contaminated surfaces and from affected patients in the room have been shown to represent the same strains of VRE (29,235). VRE may remain viable on such surfaces for days or weeks because the organisms are resistant to desiccation and extreme temperatures (30,101,138,195). For example, VRE may survive for 5 to 7 days on countertops and have been recovered 24 h or more after experimental contamination of bedrails, telephone handpieces, or stethoscope diaphragms (195).…”

Section: Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%