Heat produced by Broiler Chickens in a Commercial Transport Vehicle

Temperature gradients in trailers and changes in broiler rectal and core body temperature during winter transportation in Saskatchewan

“…During the colder weather in Journeys 2 and 3 ((27.1 and (28.2, respectively), crate temperatures diminished along with the average rectal temperatures from birds located in the back half of the trailer. Kettlewell et al (2000) found that excessive airflow around the birds resulted in reduced rectal temperatures after transportation. Birds in Journeys 2, 3 and 4, especially those located near air inlets, would have been exposed to cold air entering the trailer that would lower the effective environmental temperature thereby causing a reduction in rectal temperature.…”

Road transport of cattle, swine and poultry in North America and its impact on animal welfare, carcass and meat quality: A review

“…Post-mortem assessment of DOA birds has revealed that 40% of birds die from thermal stress due to uneven ventilation of the truck and failures in thermoregulation of birds (Kettlewell, Hoxey, & Mitchell, 2000;Mitchell & Kettlewell, 1998). Higher mortalities were reported for locations within the transportation truck where temperatures and humidities were greatest or where wet birds and cold air combined to result in cold stress (Hunter et al, 1999;Mitchell et al, 1994).…”

Quantifying passive ventilation within small livestock trailers using Computational Fluid Dynamics

“…This serves to remove heat, moisture and other species such as CO2 to control animal comfort levels (Randall and Patel, 1994). Active ventilation strategies involving fans have also shown merit in maintaining even internal airflow and temperature distributions within large vehicles (Kettlewell et al, 2000(Kettlewell et al, , 2001. However, in more restricted scenarios such as livestock transporters contained on board ferries, natural ventilation can outperform mechanical ventilation (Norton et al, 2013).…”