Heat loss and anticipatory finger vasoconstriction induced by a smoking of a single cigarette

Saumet, J. L.; Dittmar, A

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(85)90341-5

Cited by 23 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Moreover, physiological change to the smoking image in smokers measured by the pupillometer was compatible with the subjective measures that caused smokers to rate the smoking image as more pleasant and more arousing. In accordance with previous reports [8,9], our results also showed that the smoking-related visual cue elicited autonomic responses in smokers.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Based on the incentive sensitization theory, the central mechanisms of smoking-associated salient stimuli on brain activation have been investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) [7]. Reactivity to smoking cues has been commonly indexed by behavioral measures as well as measures of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, vasoconstriction, heart rate, heart rate variability, and event-related heart rate deceleration [8,9].Pupil size (PS) has been used as a parameter in quantitative analysis of the ANS. Several studies have been conducted to observe the PS as an indicator of sympathetic activation on painful stimuli, postural change, mental workload, and emotional stimuli [10][11][12].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Subjective and Autonomic Responses to Smoking-Related Visual Cues

et al. 2008

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Nicotine, like several other abused drugs, is known to act on the reward system in the brain. Smoking-associated cues produce smoking urges and cravings accompanied by autonomic dysfunction to these cues in smokers. The present study was aimed at investigating whether cues related to smoking elicit the autonomic response in smokers. The subjective and physiological reactivity of 7 smokers and 12 nonsmokers in a supine position to smoking-related visual cues was assessed under indirect dim light using a self-assessment manikin and a specially designed pupillometer. The experimental procedure consisted of the elicitation and measurement of pupil size (PS) while the subjects viewed a smoking image and images from three valencedefined categories (i.e., pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral), based on normative affective ratings selected from the International Affective Picture System. Both groups produced significantly larger PS increases in response to pleasant or unpleasant images compared to neutral images. Smokers, viewing smoking-related visual cues but no other affective images, produced significantly larger PS's compared to nonsmokers. Moreover, smokers rated the smoking image with more pleasure and arousal than nonsmokers. These findings suggest that cues related to smoking induce not only a subjective emotional alteration, but also sympathetic activation, measured by the time-series PS data in smokers.Key words: addiction, autonomic, emotion, nicotine, arousal.A great many studies suggest that responses to drug-related cues maintain drug use and undermine cessation attempts [1]. Exposure to smoking-related cues has been reported to increase self-reported craving and cardiovascular reactivity compared to neutral cues, and enhanced cue reactivity predicts a decreased likelihood of successful cessation [2]. In smokers, smoking-related cues elicit smoking urges and craving, which are accompanied by an attentional bias for these cues [3]. Cue reactivity has been considered a key factor that modulates motivational goaldirected behavior associated with com-pulsive drug taking and relapse.Psychophysiological variables of interest during affective picture viewing have changed skin conductance response and heart rate as reliable indicators of arousal [4]. Numerous laboratory-based cue reactivity studies have found that various drug-related cues elicited strong cravings and physiological responses among addicts, such as alcoholics and smokers [5,6]. Based on the incentive sensitization theory, the central mechanisms of smoking-associated salient stimuli on brain activation have been investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET) [7]. Reactivity to smoking cues has been commonly indexed by behavioral measures as well as measures of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity, including systolic and diastolic blood pressures, vasoconstriction, heart rate, heart rate variability, and event-related heart rate deceleration [8,9].Pupil size (PS) has been used as a pa...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

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confidence: 99%

Subjective and Autonomic Responses to Smoking-Related Visual Cues

et al. 2008

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“…Traditionally, reactivity to smoking cues has been indexed by behavioral measures, such as selfreported urges and cravings, or by measures of autonomic nervous system activity, such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, vasoconstriction, heart rate (HR), HR variability, and event-related HR deceleration, although these measures are not always concordant (Raw, Russell 1980;Erikson et al 1983;Rickard-Figuera and Zeichner 1985;Saumet and Dittmar 1985;Abrams et al 1988;Niaura et al 1989;Payne et al 1991;Niaura et al 1992;Drobes and Tiffany 1997). A recent study conducted in our laboratory demonstrated that measures of brain electrical activity, in the form of event-related potentials (ERPs) also reflect smoking cue-reactivity in tobaccoaddicted persons (Warren and McDonough 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of 12-h tobacco deprivation on event-related potentials elicited by visual smoking cues

McDonough

Warren

2001

Psychopharmacology

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Rationale: A cigarette smoker's reactivity to smoking cues, or cue-reactivity, traditionally has been indexed by self-report and/or measures of autonomic nervous system activity. Recent evidence suggests that measures of central nervous system activity in the form of event-related brain potentials (ERPs) may also index cue-reactivity in smokers. Objective: The present study sought to confirm the sensitivity of ERPs to smoking cues and to investigate the question of whether 12 h of smoking deprivation would enhance ERP cue-reactivity to such stimuli. Methods: Scalp ERPs were recorded to 80 smoking-related pictures and 80 neutral pictures, i.e., similar pictures with a nonsmoking theme, in 19 tobaccodeprived smokers, 17 nondeprived smokers, and 19 nonsmokers. Results: Smokers' N300 amplitudes over fronto-central scalp were larger to neutral than to smokingrelated stimuli, thus reflecting N300 smoking cue-reactivity. N300 cue-reactivity was greater for deprived than for nondeprived smokers. Smokers' P300 values were greater to smoking-related than to neutral stimuli, particularly over the centro-parietal area; however, nonsmokers also showed a P300 main effect to smoking cues. Smoking deprivation did not affect P300 cue-reactivity, nor did deprivation affect self-reported urges to smoking relative to neutral cues. Conclusions: These data confirm the sensitivity of ERPs to tobacco cues in smokers and suggest, additionally, that the cue-reactivity of the N300 component is modulated by smoking deprivation. N300 cue-reactivity may reflect an internally generated priming of the semantic network related to the smokers' need states. Stimulus-category differences in P300 may reflect cue-reactivity in smokers and/or nonaddiction-specific factors in both smokers and nonsmokers.

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“…As such, cigarette smoking may be particularly effective in establishing the incentive properties of nicotine-associated environmental stimuli (cues), such as the smell and taste of cigarettes or contexts within which smoking occurs (Goldberg et al 1981;Rose and Levin 1991;Balfour et al 2000;Caggiula et al 2001). Clinical studies have demonstrated that smoking cues produce physiological responses (Saumet and Dittmar 1985;Abrams et al 1988;Niaura et al 1989;Niaura et al 1992), enhance the desire to smoke (Perkins et al 1994;Droungas et al 1995;Drobes and Tiffany 1997;McDermut and Haaga 1998;Lazev et al 1999;Brody et al 2002), and increase the rate, intensity, and time of smoking (Surawy et al 1985;Mucha et al 1998). Smoking denicotinized cigarettes (i.e., cue alone) produces an equal amount of smoke intake and similar or even higher levels of satisfaction compared to nicotine-containing cigarettes (i.e., cue plus nicotine) (Butschky et al 1995;Gross et al 1997;Rose et al 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats: effect of bupropion, persistence over repeated tests, and its dependence on training dose

et al. 2007

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Rationale-The motivational effects of nicotine-associated cues have been demonstrated in animal studies. However, it is unknown whether the effectiveness of nicotine cues in reinstating nicotineseeking varies with the extent of prior nicotine self-administration. In addition, the issue of whether bupropion (an FDA-approved smoking cessation medication) interferes with the conditioned incentive of nicotine cues remains to be addressed.Objective-This study determined the relationship of cue-reinstated nicotine-seeking and the levels of prior self-administration and examined the effect of bupropion on cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking in comparison with that on self-administration. Materials and methods-MaleSprague-Dawley rats were trained in daily 1-h sessions to intravenously self-administer nicotine at different doses (0, 0.015, 0.03, 0.06 mg/kg/infusion) and to associate an auditory/visual cue with each nicotine delivery. After extinction, three reinstatement tests at 15 day intervals were conducted with re-presentation of the cue without nicotine delivery. In separate groups of rats trained with 0.03 mg/kg/infusion nicotine, bupropion (0, 10, 20, 40 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered to different groups before the reinstatement and in a withinsubject design before the self-administration tests.Results-Cue-induced reinstatement of active lever responses was observed at all nicotine doses in the first reinstatement test, but at only the two highest doses during the second and third tests. The magnitude of reinstatement was positively correlated with level of prior responding for nicotine. Bupropion pretreatment decreased nicotine self-administration but enhanced cue-reinstated nicotineseeking.Conclusions-These results demonstrate the positive correlation of cue-reinstated nicotineseeking with prior responding for nicotine self-administration and the persistence of the cue effect after taking higher doses of nicotine. The results of pharmacological tests suggest that although it is able to help achieve smoking cessation, bupropion may have little clinical benefit for the prevention of relapse associated with exposure to environmental smoking cues.

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Heat loss and anticipatory finger vasoconstriction induced by a smoking of a single cigarette

Cited by 23 publications

References 7 publications

Subjective and Autonomic Responses to Smoking-Related Visual Cues

Subjective and Autonomic Responses to Smoking-Related Visual Cues

Effects of 12-h tobacco deprivation on event-related potentials elicited by visual smoking cues

Cue-induced reinstatement of nicotine-seeking behavior in rats: effect of bupropion, persistence over repeated tests, and its dependence on training dose

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