Heat-Induced Spalling of Concrete: A Review of the Influencing Factors and Their Importance to the Phenomenon

Mohammed, Hussein; Ahmed, Hawreen; Brito, Jorge de; Alyousef, Rayed; Deifalla, Ahmed Farouk

doi:10.3390/ma15051693

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 97 publications

(246 reference statements)

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“…When concrete is exposed to high temperatures, its mechanical features such as compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths are significantly decreased. Concrete spalling [ 61 , 62 ] is another great threat that can be induced by heat. The failure in sections closer to the concrete heated surface is a result of spalling caused by the interplay between the internal pore pressure and thermal stresses, which are characterised by the thermal gradient and thermal incompatibility [ 63 ].…”

Section: Improvement In the Heat Resistance Of Concrete With Nanomate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Elucidative Review of the Nanomaterial Effect on the Durability and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel Development of Concrete

Al-saffar,

Wong,

Paul

2023

Gels

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Concrete as a building material is susceptible to degradation by environmental threats such as thermal diffusion, acid and sulphate infiltration, and chloride penetration. Hence, the inclusion of nanomaterials in concrete has a positive effect in terms of promoting its mechanical strength and durability performance, as well as resulting in energy savings due to reduced cement consumption in concrete production. This review article discussed the novel advances in research regarding C-S-H gel promotion and concrete durability improvement using nanomaterials. Basically, this review deals with topics relevant to the influence of nanomaterials on concrete’s resistance to heat, acid, sulphate, chlorides, and wear deterioration, as well as the impact on concrete microstructure and chemical bonding. The significance of this review is a critical discussion on the cementation mechanism of nanoparticles in enhancing durability properties owing to their nanofiller effect, pozzolanic reactivity, and nucleation effect. The utilization of nanoparticles enhanced the hydrolysis of cement, leading to a rise in the production of C-S-H gel. Consequently, this improvement in concrete microstructure led to a reduction in the number of capillary pores and pore connectivity, thereby improving the concrete’s water resistance. Microstructural and chemical evidence obtained using SEM and XRD indicated that nanomaterials facilitated the formation of cement gel either by reacting pozzolanically with portlandite to generate more C-S-H gel or by functioning as nucleation sites. Due to an increased rate of C-S-H gel formation, concrete enhanced with nanoparticles exhibited greater durability against heat damage, external attack by acids and sulphates, chloride diffusion, and surface abrasion. The durability improvement following nanomaterial incorporation into concrete can be summarised as enhanced residual mechanical strength, reduced concrete mass loss, reduced diffusion coefficients for thermal and chloride, improved performance against sulphates and acid attack, and increased surface resistance to abrasion.

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Section: Improvement In the Heat Resistance Of Concrete With Nanomate...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An Elucidative Review of the Nanomaterial Effect on the Durability and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel Development of Concrete

Al-saffar,

Wong,

Paul

2023

Gels

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“…Figures 14 and 15 illustrate the effect of steel fiber content and polypropylene fiber content on tensile strength, respectively. These findings will help advance future applications [46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56].…”

Section: Flexural Strength Of Hybrid Steel-polypropylene Fiber Reinfo...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Steel-Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete Exposed to Various Temperatures

Tawfik

El-said

Deifalla

et al. 2022

Fibers

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Combining different types of fibers inside a concrete mixture was revealed to improve the strength properties of cementitious matrices by monitoring crack initiation and propagation. The contribution of hybrid fibers needs to be thoroughly investigated, taking into consideration a variety of parameters such as fibers type and content. In this paper, the impact of integrating hybrid steel-polypropylene fibers on the mechanical properties of the concrete mixture was investigated. Hybrid fiber-reinforced high-strength concrete mixtures were tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. According to the results of the experiments, the addition of hybrid fibers to the concrete mixture improved the mechanical properties significantly, more than adding just one type of fiber for specimens exposed to room temperature. Using hybrid fibers in the concrete mixture increased compressive, tensile, and flexural strength by approximately 50%, 53%, and 46%, respectively, over just using one type of fiber. Furthermore, results showed that including hybrid fibers into the concrete mixture increased residual compressive strength for specimens exposed to high temperatures. When exposed to temperatures of 200 °C, 400 °C, and 600 °C, the hybrid fiber reinforced concrete specimens maintained 87%, 65%, and 42% of their initial compressive strength, respectively. In comparison, the control specimens, which were devoid of fibers, would be unable to tolerate temperatures beyond 200 °C, and an explosive thermal spalling occurred during the heating process.

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“…The reinforced concrete (RC) evolution have been an ongoing process with so many advancements (Ahmad et al, 2022;Ahmed et al, 2022;Ali et al, 2022;Ashraf et al, 2022;Ghareeb et al, 2022;Huang et al, 2022;Khan et al, 2022;Li et al, 2022;Mohammed et al, 2022;Shen et al, 2022;Zou et al, 2023a;Zou et al, 2023b). High-strength concrete (HSC), especially that with fiber-RC (FRC) is a versatile form of a concrete mixture with superior performance compared to that of normal RC without fiber reinforcement (Deifalla, 2021a;Deifalla et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of hybrid-fiber- reinforcement on the shear behavior of high-strength-concrete beams

Awad

Tawfik²,

Deifalla³

et al. 2023

Front. Mater.

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The shear behavior of concrete beams is highly affected by the implementation of better performance concrete. Hybrid fibers addition to concrete mixture has proven to improve the performance compared to just using single type of fiber. Thus, in this current study, the shear behavior of hybrid-fiber-reinforced-high-strength-concrete beams was investigated experimentally. In addition, the effect of the span-to-depth ratio and the transverse reinforcement ratio were examined. Results showed that, when .45% of the cement weight is replaced with polypropylene fiber and 7% of the cement weight is replaced with steel fibers, the shear strength of the beam was enhanced by 18% in comparison to the control beam. The Formation and progression of cracks were also better controlled. The behavior of hybrid-polypropylene-steel-fibers-high-strength-concrete beams was observed to be comparable to that of conventional concrete ones as the shear strength increased with the decrease in span to depth ratio or the increase in transverse reinforcing ratio. A non-linear numerical model was developed and validated using the experimental results. The shear capacities of beams were calculated using ACI, which was compared to experimental and numerical results. The ACI’s calculations were conservative when compared with the experimental or numerical results. The coefficient of variance between the ACI and experimental shear capacity results was 4.8%, while it was 9.2% between the ACI and numerical shear capacity results.

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Heat-Induced Spalling of Concrete: A Review of the Influencing Factors and Their Importance to the Phenomenon

Cited by 16 publications

References 97 publications

An Elucidative Review of the Nanomaterial Effect on the Durability and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel Development of Concrete

An Elucidative Review of the Nanomaterial Effect on the Durability and Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) Gel Development of Concrete

Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Steel-Polypropylene Fiber Reinforced High Strength Concrete Exposed to Various Temperatures

Effect of hybrid-fiber- reinforcement on the shear behavior of high-strength-concrete beams

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