Heat Illness and Heat Stroke

Jardine, David S.

doi:10.1542/pir.28-7-249

Cited by 58 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This study confirms that the elderly are at heightened risk of heat stroke (Jardine 2007; Semenza et al 1996). We also found that males are 2.80 times as likely as females to be treated for heat stroke.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Clinically, heat stroke is defined as a core body temperature that rises above 40°C, accompanied by hot, dry skin and central nervous system abnormalities such as delirium, convulsions, or coma (Bouchama and Knochel 2002). Heat stroke is characterized by a patient’s inability to transfer heat produced from normal metabolic activity or exercise to the environment, which results in hyperthermia and cellular injury (Jardine 2007). Hyperthermia can be extremely harmful and potentially fatal because a prolonged elevation in core temperature -- over 40°C lasting 30–60 minutes -- may exceed the ability for the cells to tolerate the thermal stress leading to multi-organ tissue damage (Kerr et al 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Emergency Department Visits for Heat Stroke in the United States, 2009 and 2010

Brady

Rosenberg

et al. 2014

Inj. Epidemiol.

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BackgroundThe effect of extreme heat on health has become a growing public health concern due to climate change. We aimed to examine the epidemiological patterns of hospital-based emergency department (ED) visits for heat stroke in the United States.FindingsWe analyzed data from the 2009 and 2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample, the largest ED data system sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. ED visits for heat stroke were identified by screening the recorded diagnoses using the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) code 992.0. Annual incidence rates of ED visits for heat stroke were computed according to demographic characteristics and geographic regions. In 2009 and 2010, there were an estimated 8,251 ED visits for heat stroke in the United States, yielding an annual incidence rate of 1.34 visits per 100,000 population (95% Confidence Interval [CI] = 1.23-1.45). Significantly higher incidence rates were found in males (1.99 per 100,000; 95% CI = 1.82-2.16), adults aged ≥ 80 years (4.45 per 100,000; 95% CI = 3.73-5.18), and residents living in the southern region (1.61 per 100,000; 95% CI = 1.43-1.79). The majority (63.1%) of ED visits for heat stroke occurred during the summer months of June, July and August. Over one-half (54.6%) of the ED visits for heat stroke required hospitalization and 3.5% of the patients died in the ED or hospital.ConclusionsHeat stroke results in approximately 4,100 ED visits each year in the United States, with the majority occurring in the summer months and requiring admission to the hospital. Men, the elderly, and people living in the south region are at heightened risk.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2197-1714-1-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergency Department Visits for Heat Stroke in the United States, 2009 and 2010

Brady

Rosenberg

et al. 2014

Inj. Epidemiol.

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“…7,9,24 Studies of health care workers, including physicians, have revealed that most believe that the risk of heat-related adverse outcomes is increased with temperatures above 40°C (104°F), although this belief is not justified. 5,23,[25][26][27] A child with a temperature of 40°C (104°F) attributable to a simple febrile illness is quite different from a child with a temperature of 40°C (104°F) attributable to heat stroke. Thus, extrapolating similar outcomes from these different illnesses is problematic.…”

Section: Physiology Of Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fever and Antipyretic Use in Children

Sullivan¹,

Farrar²

2011

Pediatrics

363

313

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Fever in a child is one of the most common clinical symptoms managed by pediatricians and other health care providers and a frequent cause of parental concern. Many parents administer antipyretics even when there is minimal or no fever, because they are concerned that the child must maintain a “normal” temperature. Fever, however, is not the primary illness but is a physiologic mechanism that has beneficial effects in fighting infection. There is no evidence that fever itself worsens the course of an illness or that it causes long-term neurologic complications. Thus, the primary goal of treating the febrile child should be to improve the child's overall comfort rather than focus on the normalization of body temperature. When counseling the parents or caregivers of a febrile child, the general well-being of the child, the importance of monitoring activity, observing for signs of serious illness, encouraging appropriate fluid intake, and the safe storage of antipyretics should be emphasized. Current evidence suggests that there is no substantial difference in the safety and effectiveness of acetaminophen and ibuprofen in the care of a generally healthy child with fever. There is evidence that combining these 2 products is more effective than the use of a single agent alone; however, there are concerns that combined treatment may be more complicated and contribute to the unsafe use of these drugs. Pediatricians should also promote patient safety by advocating for simplified formulations, dosing instructions, and dosing devices.

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“…Two previous papers highlighted definitions and differences between heat illness (excess heat produced or decreased transfer of body heat to the environment due to loss of core temperature control), heat stress, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke (body core temperature over ∼40º C) (Ellis 1977;Jardine 2007). Twelve studies examined associations between increased temperatures in summer (cooling season) and/or winter (heating season) and changes in mortality (Schwartz 2005;Fouillet 2007;Kim et al 2006;Kyselý 2004;El-Zein et al 2004;Davis et al 2003;Donaldson et al 2003;Smoyer et al 2000;Maartens 1998;Kalkstein and Greene 1997;Wyndham and Fellingham 1978;Smoyer-Tomic and Rainham 2001), including adjustments for measured outdoor air pollution concentrations (particles, ozone) (Schwartz 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and awareness of heat-related morbidity among adult recreational endurance athletes

et al. 2010

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Adults have been increasingly motivated to compete in recreational endurance sports events. Amateurs may lack a complete understanding of recommended strategies for handling heat and humidity, making heat-related illnesses increasingly possible. This is compounded by global climate change and increasing average surface and air temperatures, especially in urban areas of industrialized nations in Europe and North America that have hosted most events to date. We conducted an on-line, secure survey at the 2nd Annual ING Georgia Marathon and Half-Marathon in Atlanta, Georgia, in 2008. We included previously validated questions on participant socio-demographics, training locations, and knowledge and awareness of heat-related illnesses. Participants were aware of heat illnesses, and of heat stroke as a serious form of heat stress. However, the majority, across age and gender, did not understand the potential severity of heat stroke. Furthermore, 1-in-5 participants did not understand the concept of heat stress as a form of heat-related illness, and how heat stress may result from buildup of muscle-generated heat in the body. Adult recreational endurance athletes are another susceptible, vulnerable population sub-group for applied research and public health educational interventions, especially in urban areas of industrialized nations in Europe and North America.

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Heat Illness and Heat Stroke

Cited by 58 publications

References 8 publications

Emergency Department Visits for Heat Stroke in the United States, 2009 and 2010

Emergency Department Visits for Heat Stroke in the United States, 2009 and 2010

Fever and Antipyretic Use in Children

Knowledge and awareness of heat-related morbidity among adult recreational endurance athletes

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