Heat Emission from a Burning Cigarette

Miura, K; Nagao, A; Ueyama, Kenji

doi:10.2478/cttr-2013-0711

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The heat transfer coefficient " and the configuration factor ( for the oxygen transfer coefficient were adjusted such that the simulated linear burn rates matched the experimental data. To evaluate the predictive quality with respect to the thermodynamic behaviour, the heat losses due to convection and radiation were calculated by integration along the tobacco rod and they were found to be in good agreement with the results from MIURA (17) who reported that the heat losses by radiation and convection during smouldering are approximately equal. As there is a good agreement with experimental data with respect to temperature, linear burn rates and heat losses we may assume that this model reasonably reflects the real thermodynamic behaviour of smouldering cigarettes.…”

Section: Verification Of the Modelsupporting

confidence: 52%

A Simulation Study of Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes

Eitzinger¹

2006

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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In some parts of the USA and in Canada smouldering cigarettes are required to extinguish if placed on a certain number of layers of filter paper. This is usually achieved by the use of bands on the cigarette paper, which reduce oxygen diffusion into the cigarette. From a smoker's perspective, however, it is desirable that a cigarette does not extinguish if left to smoulder, for example, in an ash tray. To facilitate the design of papers for such cigarettes the influence of various cigarette parameters on self-extinguishment is investigated by numerical simulation of a one-dimensional cigarette model, which describes the main thermodynamic behaviour of smouldering cigarettes. The tobacco density, the tobacco heat capacity, the width of the bands on the cigarette paper and the heat released during combustion are chosen as parameters whose influence on the required oxygen diffusion constant of the bands on the cigarette paper is investigated. As these parameters are subject to a certain variation, it is assumed that the parameters are independently normally distributed. Based on this assumption the probability that a cigarette with given mean parameter values will extinguish, is calculated numerically.The results show that the admissible range of diffusion constants for the bands on the cigarette paper is in general quite small and it is reduced even further if statistical variations of the cigarette parameters are considered.The results provide guidelines for the appropriate choice of the diffusion constant of the bands on the cigarette paper such that the cigarettes comply with legal requirements and do not extinguish during normal smoking.

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Section: Verification Of the Modelsupporting

confidence: 52%

A Simulation Study of Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes

Eitzinger¹

2006

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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“…The heat generated from a smouldering cigarette has been reported as 4.6-6.7 kJ/g from measurements of CO, CO 2 and H 2 O and differential scanning calorimetry (Muramatsu et al 1978;Muramatsu 1981); 6.6-8.3 kJ/g from radiative heat emission (Ihrig et al 1986); 8-10 kJ/ g from cone calorimeter (Robinson et al 1992); 7.5 kJ/g from the total heat output of a smouldering cigarette (Waymack et al 1997;Miura et al 2001); and 7.8 kJ/g from heat emitted by radiation and convection (Miura 2001). These values, which are broadly in agreement, indicate that a static smouldering cigarette emits about half the heat of complete combustion of an equivalent amount of tobacco.…”

Section: Basic Thermal Properties Of Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These values, which are broadly in agreement, indicate that a static smouldering cigarette emits about half the heat of complete combustion of an equivalent amount of tobacco. Miura et al (2001) further revealed that, during smouldering, almost half of the energy is emitted by radiation and the remainder by convection (caused by buoyancy around the coal) -a ratio that is relatively independent of the smoulder burn rate. The thermal emissivity of the cigarette burning zone during smoulder is 0.87-0.88 (Lyman et al 2003), which is somewhat less than would be expected from a char produced from a biomass fuel.…”

Section: Basic Thermal Properties Of Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

et al. 2016

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A burning cigarette is a known cause of fire when mishandled. Studies into cigarette ignition propensity intensified after the US Cigarette Fire Safety Act of 1984. Extensive research has investigated the thermal properties of a smouldering cigarette, mostly away from any object of thermal contact or interference. To understand fire ignition, the thermophysics of cigarette's burning tip has also been examined with and without a contact substrate. In either free or contact smouldering cases, oxygen diffusion through the cigarette wrapping paper has been found to be an important parameter controlling the rate of burn and the energy released. Research by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology led to a standardized test method to determine cigarette ignition propensity, and eventually regulations enforcing Reduced Ignition Propensity (RIP) cigarettes have been passed in all US states and other countries. Among the physical parameters of a burning cigarette related to its thermal energy release, circumferential bands applied to the cigarette wrapping paper that reduce air permeability or diffusivity during smouldering have become the main approach to produce commercial RIP cigarettes. Studies have been performed to ensure that RIP cigarettes have equivalent or lower mainstream smoke yields and biological activities as compared with their conventional non-RIP equivalents. The effects of the paper band properties (width, gap between the bands, type as well as the amount of the material applied) have been studied systematically to establish a manufacturability window. Studies on human smoking behaviour confirmed that RIP cigarettes matched closely their predecessors. The bands, as intended, alter the combustion temperatures during cigarette smouldering within the band. Further research into the interaction of RIP cigarettes with different types of commercial upholstery fabrics and materials should help to understand its mechanism of action in support of emerging postimplementation fire statistics.

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“…Therefore, if it is assumed that the weight loss of the cigarette in this study is from 20 to 30 mg during puffing, the heat output during puffing may be from 1.5 to 2.2 J/mg tobacco. On the other hand, WAY-MACK et al (14) and MIURA et al (15) show that the heat output from smoldering cigarettes is approximately 7.6 J/mg tobacco. Even though the calculation for the heat generation rate is not exact or the repeatability of measuring the temperature is poor, the heat output obtained from puffing cigarettes is much smaller than from smoldering cigarettes.…”

Section: Calculation Of Heat Generation Rate At Various Positions Insmentioning

confidence: 98%

A Profile of the Heat Generation Inside a Cigarette During Puffing

Nagao¹,

Yamada²,

Miura³

et al. 2005

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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The transient temperature distribution inside a burning cigarette during a 2-second constant-draw single puff was measured to determine the heat generation rate at various positions. The calculation of the heat generation was applied only to a vertically positioned cigarette. The solid-phase temperature was measured by an infrared thermometer with an optical fiber probe, and the gas-phase temperature was measured by a thermocouple. Heat generation rates at various positions inside the burning cigarette were obtained from the temperature distribution profile based on the heat balance equations. Heat generation was found to be concentrated within a region 2 to 3 mm behind the paper char line. The maximum heat generation rate was observed during the initial period of puffing and the heat generation rate decreased significantly in the interval during the middle unsteady period. Steady heat generation was observed in the latter period. The puffing volume as well as the properties of cigarette paper affected the heat generation rate during the unsteady period. The amount of the heat generated during the unsteady period was more than half of the total regardless of the cigarette paper basis weight and the puffing volume.

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Heat Emission from a Burning Cigarette

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

A Simulation Study of Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes

A Simulation Study of Self-Extinguishing Cigarettes

The science behind the development and performance of reduced ignition propensity cigarettes

A Profile of the Heat Generation Inside a Cigarette During Puffing

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