Heat Dissipation Mechanisms in Hybrid Superconductor–Semiconductor Devices Revealed by Joule Spectroscopy

Abstract

Understanding heating and cooling mechanisms in mesoscopic superconductor–semiconductor devices is crucial for their application in quantum technologies. Owing to their poor thermal conductivity, heating effects can drive superconducting-to-normal transitions even at low bias, observed as sharp conductance dips through the loss of Andreev excess currents. Tracking such dips across magnetic field, cryostat temperature, and applied microwave power allows us to uncover cooling bottlenecks in different parts of a device. By applying this “Joule spectroscopy” technique, we analyze heat dissipation in devices based on InAs-Al nanowires and reveal that cooling of superconducting islands is limited by the rather inefficient electron–phonon coupling, as opposed to grounded superconductors that primarily cool by quasiparticle diffusion. We show that powers as low as 50–150 pW are able to suppress superconductivity on the islands. Applied microwaves lead to similar heating effects but are affected by the interplay of the microwave frequency and the effective electron–phonon relaxation time.