Heat and Thermodynamics

Zemansky, Mark W.; Klotz, Irving M.

doi:10.1149/1.2428760

Cited by 17 publications

(27 citation statements)

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“…In the book by Sommerfeld [91] it is stressed that E (electric field strength) and B (magnetic field strength) are intensive variables or "intensities", D (electric excitation) and H (magnetic excitation) are extensive variables or, as some authors call them now, "extensities". For a discussion of intensive and extensive variables in thermodynamics see, e.g., [34,92,102]. It is not necessary to remind ourselves that E and B appear in the Lorentz force equation, see, e.g., [64].…”

Section: Linear and Higher Order Me Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A short review of the magnetoelectric effect and related experimental techniques on single phase (multi-) ferroics

2009

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Whereas materials with intrinsic magnetoelectric (ME) effects have not yet made inroads in technology, the measurement of their tensor characteristics has become a precious tool for magnetic point group determination. Therefore, it is worthwhile to consider different measurement techniques. In particular techniques for determining the linear and bilinear ME effects will be discussed, essentially the quasi-static and dynamic magnetic field-induced methods will be evaluated. The measurement and application of ME "butterfly" loops for determining (weak) ferromagnetism and internal bias fields will be described. For the bilinear ME effect (with invariant EHH) a particularly sensitive measurement method with amplification effect will be highlighted, permitting, e.g., to detect subtle magnetic phase transitions. At least for the linear ME effect, we will stress that in the future only a dimensionless quantity should be used which is valid in all systems of units. Finally, the linear ME effect of TbPO4 crystals is reexamined because in a former publication it was not clear which system of units was effectively used ("rationalized" or "not rationalized" Gaussian system of units). Effectively, this crystal has the largest linear ME effect known. At T = 1.50 K, in SI units: αxy or αyx = 730 ps/m, i.e., 0.220 in "not rationalized" Gaussian system of units.PACS. 75.80.+q Magnetomechanical and magnetoelectric effects, magnetostriction -61.50.Ah Theory of crystal structure, crystal symmetry; calculations and modeling -75.30.K Magnetic phase boundaries -75.50.Ee Antiferromagnetics -06.20.F-Units and standards

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Section: Linear and Higher Order Me Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A short review of the magnetoelectric effect and related experimental techniques on single phase (multi-) ferroics

2009

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“…Equation represents the increase rate of entropy in the whole system by the irreversible heat transport from hot to cold and can thus be seen as the rate of entropy production inside the small system [see, e.g., Zemansky and Dittman , 1981, section 8–13]. It should be borne in mind, however, that the rate of entropy production is related to the increase rate of entropy in the whole system (system and the surroundings); it is related not to the state of the specific small system (C), but to that of the whole system.…”

Section: Basic Conceptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The second law of thermodynamics and the global climate system: A review of the maximum entropy production principle

Ozawa

Ohmura

Lorenz

et al. 2003

Reviews of Geophysics

366

395

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[1] The long-term mean properties of the global climate system and those of turbulent fluid systems are reviewed from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Two general expressions are derived for a rate of entropy production due to thermal and viscous dissipation (turbulent dissipation) in a fluid system. It is shown with these expressions that maximum entropy production in the Earth s climate system suggested by Paltridge, as well as maximum transport properties of heat or momentum in a turbulent system suggested by Malkus and Busse, correspond to a state in which the rate of entropy production due to the turbulent dissipation is at a maximum. Entropy production due to absorption of solar radiation in the climate system is found to be irrelevant to the maximized properties associated with turbulence. The hypothesis of maximum entropy production also seems to be applicable to the planetary atmospheres of Mars and Titan and perhaps to mantle convection. Lorenz s conjecture on maximum generation of available potential energy is shown to be akin to this hypothesis with a few minor approximations. A possible mechanism by which turbulent fluid systems adjust themselves to the states of maximum entropy production is presented as a selffeedback mechanism for the generation of available potential energy. These results tend to support the hypothesis of maximum entropy production that underlies a wide variety of nonlinear fluid systems, including our planet as well as other planets and stars. INDEX TERMS: 3220

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“…An approximate expression for the temperature rise of the lattice immediately under the point for a CW input signal can be found by first considering the problem of heat flow between two concentric spherical surfaces of radius rl and r2 [7]. Let the temperatures a t r1 and r2 be T1 and T2, respectively.…”

Section: Device Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot-carrier microwave detector

Harrison¹,

Zucker²

1966

Proc. IEEE

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Abstracf-A microwave detector based on the thermoelectric effect of warm carriers in bulk semiconductors is described. An analysis of device performance is presented, which is based on the assumption of a Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution for the heated carriers. The performance of a number of experimental devices at millimeter and centimeter wavelengths is shown to be in good agreement with analytic predictions. Outstanding characteristics of these devices are high detection sensitivity, high bum-out power, and high electrical stability over long periods of use.

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Heat and Thermodynamics

Cited by 17 publications

References 0 publications

A short review of the magnetoelectric effect and related experimental techniques on single phase (multi-) ferroics

A short review of the magnetoelectric effect and related experimental techniques on single phase (multi-) ferroics

The second law of thermodynamics and the global climate system: A review of the maximum entropy production principle

Hot-carrier microwave detector

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