Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis

Rebetez, Martine; Mayer, Helmut; Dupont, Olivier; Schindler, Dirk; Gartner, Karl; Kropp, Jürgen P.; Menzel, Annette

doi:10.1051/forest:2006043

Cited by 275 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In June and August, maximum temperature records were broken in many parts of Europe (Black et al, 2004). In July 2003, in contrast to June and August, temperatures were above normal but not record-breaking (Schär et al, 2004;Rebetez et al, 2006). In the dry months, from May until August, the temperatures were much higher-than-average with the exception of the temperatures in July.…”

Section: Climate Of 200and 2006mentioning

confidence: 97%

Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years

Bisselink¹,

Dolman²

2009

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Evaporation is a key parameter in the regional atmospheric water cycle. Precipitation recycling is defined as the contribution of water that evaporates from a region to precipitation within the same region. We apply a dynamic precipitation recycling model, which includes a dynamic moisture storage term, to calculate the warm season variability of the precipitation recycling over central Europe at a daily time scale for 2003 (dry) and 2006 (wet).

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Section: Climate Of 200and 2006mentioning

confidence: 97%

Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years

Bisselink¹,

Dolman²

2009

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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“…The drought of summer 2003 was exceptionally severe in many regions of Europe [115], as much in duration as in intensity. In some areas, it was the most severe drought recorded during the last 50 years, and lasted for over 6 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences

et al. 2006

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-The extreme drought event that occurred in Western Europe during 2003 highlighted the need to understand the key processes that may allow trees and stands to overcome such severe water shortages. We therefore reviewed the current knowledge available about such processes. First, impact of drought on exchanges at soil-root and canopy-atmosphere interfaces are presented and illustrated with examples from water and CO 2 flux measurements. The decline in transpiration and water uptake and in net carbon assimilation due to stomatal closure has been quantified and modelled. The resulting models were used to compute water balance at stand level basing on the 2003 climate in nine European forest sites from the CARBOEUROPE network. Estimates of soil water deficit were produced and provided a quantitative index of soil water shortage and therefore of the intensity of drought stress experienced by trees during summer 2003. In a second section, we review the irreversible damage that could be imposed on water transfer within trees and particularly within xylem. A special attention was paid to the inter-specific variability of these properties among a wide range of tree species. The inter-specific diversity of hydraulic and stomatal responses to soil water deficit is also discussed as it might reflect a large diversity in traits potentially related to drought tolerance. Finally, tree decline and mortality due to recurrent or extreme drought events are discussed on the basis of a literature review and recent decline studies. The potential involvement of hydraulic dysfunctions or of deficits in carbon storage as causes for the observed long term (several years) decline of tree growth and development and for the onset of tree dieback is discussed. As an example, the starch content in stem tissues recorded at the end of the 2003's summer was used to predict crown conditions of oak trees during the following spring: low starch contents were correlated with large twig and branch decline in the crown of trees. drought / water balance / time lag effect / hydraulic properties / dieback Résumé -Arbres et peuplements forestiers tempérés soumis à sécheresse : une revue des réponses écophysiologiques, des processus d'adaptation et des conséquences à long terme. La sécheresse exceptionnelle de 2003 a été l'occasion de faire le point de nos connaissances sur les mécanismes écophysiologiques permettant aux arbres de traverser un tel évènement climatique extrême. L'analyse a été conduite à l'échelle de l'arbre et du peuplement, tandis que l'intensité de la sécheresse a été quantifiée à l'aide d'un calcul de bilan hydrique sur neuf sites forestiers européens contrastés du réseau CARBOEUROPE. Le rôle du couvert dans les échanges avec l'atmosphère est rappelé puis intégré dans l'analyse des réductions de bilan d'eau et de carbone en 2003 dus à la régulation stomatique. Les caractéristiques du complexe sol-racine, important à la fois pour l'accès à la ressource et à l'efficience de son absorption, constituent un des premiers traits d'ada...

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“…In France, average monthly temperatures were greater than normal temperatures, calculated over the period 1976-2002, for every month from March to September [16,78]. In addition to a general increase in mean monthly temperatures, two heat waves affected most of Western Europe, first in the beginning of June, then in the first half of August.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of drought and heat on forest insect populations in relation to the 2003 drought in Western Europe

Candau²,

et al. 2006

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-Although drought affects directly tree physiology and growth, the impact of secondary factors (insect pests, pathogens and fire) is often greater than the impact of the original stress and can lead to important tree mortality. In 2003, Western and Central Europe experienced a drought and heat waves that led to extensive forest damage. This paper reports on the impacts of drought and high temperatures on forest insect populations in the context of this exceptional event. Observations of changes in population levels of the main European forest insect pests during and after the drought are presented and discussed in the light of current knowledge and theories of interactions between drought and insects. We investigated the direct effects of drought on life history traits and indirect effects through physiological changes experienced by host trees. Forest pest insects were separated in 4 feeding guilds: woodborers, leaf-chewers, leaf-miners and leaf-suckers. The impact of water stress varied according to feeding guilds. Woodborers were positively influenced by prolonged water stress and the decline of host resistance. In contrast, defoliators profited better from the increased nitrogen in plant tissues linked to moderate or intermittent water stress. Field observations showed the importance of the soil water status in tree resistance against pest attacks. Thus, the 2003 drought confirmed observations from earlier droughts that, is case of bad choice of tree species in some plantations, site matching becomes a prominent and primary cause of the development of pest outbreaks. This exceptional drought may give us some indication of the impacts of extreme climatic events. However, observations of the performance at the individual level were not sufficient for predicting long-term insect population dynamics, which depends on complex interactions between biotic and abiotic factors.climate change / drought / heat wave / forest pest insect / population dynamic Résumé -Effet de la sécheresse et de la canicule de 2003 sur les populations d'insectes ravageurs forestiers en Europe centrale et occidentale. Bien que la sécheresse affecte directement la physiologie et la croissance des arbres, l'impact de facteurs secondaires (insectes ravageurs, pathogènes et feu) est souvent plus important que le stress original et peut conduire à la mortalité des arbres. En 2003, une sécheresse et des vagues de chaleur ont provoqué des dégâts importants dans les forêts d'Europe centrale et occidentale. Cet article rend compte de l'impact de la sécheresse et de la canicule sur les populations d'insectes forestiers dans le contexte de cet évènement exceptionnel. Les observations des fluctuations de populations des principaux insectes ravageurs des forêts européennes sont présentées et discutées en regard des connaissances actuelles et des théories des interactions entre sécheresse et insectes. Nous avons recherché les effets directs et indirects de la sécheresse, respectivement sur les traits d'histoire de vie et au travers des modifica...

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Heat and drought 2003 in Europe: a climate synthesis

Abstract: -Heat and drought were extreme in summer 2003 in Europe. Climatic data show that most extreme were maximum air temperatures in June and August; maps of these two months show a striking similarity in geographical range. Over wide regions, monthly mean temperatures were more than

Cited by 275 publications

References 30 publications

Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years

Recycling of moisture in Europe: contribution of evaporation to variability in very wet and dry years

Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences

Effects of drought and heat on forest insect populations in relation to the 2003 drought in Western Europe

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