Heat-activated persulfate oxidation of PFOA, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, and PFOS under conditions suitable for in-situ groundwater remediation

Park, Saerom; Lee, Linda; Medina, Victor F.; Zull, Aaron; Waisner, Scott A.

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.097

Cited by 170 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…No loss of PFOS was observed in experiments conducted with initial S 2 O 8 2− concentrations as high as 50 mM (Figure S4). This observation agrees with data reported in a recent study 27 but is at odds with the results of a study in which PFOS was transformed by heat-activated persulfate to produce shorter-chain PFCAs. 31 It is difficult to reconcile the results of the study in which PFOS degradation was reported for several reasons.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

“…Data were consistent with the sequential –(CF 2 ) cleavage mechanism (reaction 1), with PFHpA reaching its maximum concentration first, followed by PFHxA, perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA), and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA), as in other studies. 24-27 At the end of the experiment, C4 to C7 PFCAs accounted for approximately 24% of the PFOA loss. A heated control containing PFOA without persulfate indicated that PFOA loss due to other processes (e.g., heating or sorption) was negligible.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reactions between SO 4 •− and solutes could lower the concentration of SO 4 •− , which would reduce the efficiency of PFAA removal. The few studies that considered the effects of matrix components indicated that the presence of Cl − 24 and soil 27 reduced the efficiency of PFOA transformation by S 2 O 8 2− because added impurities scavenged of SO 4 •− .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids by heat-activated persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation

2018

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Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are a class of organic contaminants notable for their extreme persistence. The unique chemical properties of these compounds make them difficult to remove from water using most standard water treatment techniques. To gain insight into the possibility of remediating contaminated groundwater by in situ chemical oxidation with heat-activated persulfate, PFAA removal and the generation of transformation products were evaluated under laboratory conditions. Solution pH had a strong influence on the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), resulting in its transformation into shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) at pH values below 3. The presence of chloride and aquifer sediments decreased the efficiency of the process by less than 25% under conditions likely to be encountered in drinking water aquifers. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was not transformed by heat-activated persulfate under any of the conditions tested. Despite challenges related to the need to manipulate aquifer pH, the possible generation of undesirable short-chain PFCAs and chlorate, and metals mobilization, heat-activated persulfate may be a useful treatment technology for sites contaminated with PFCAs and fluorotelomer-based compounds, including those used in current-generation aqueous film-forming foams.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids by heat-activated persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation

2018

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“…Park, Lee, Medina, Zull, and Waisner () also evaluated heat‐activated persulfate at lower temperatures of 20 to 60 °C. In reactors with baseline PFOA of 100 μg/L (0.24 μM) oxidation and reaction rates increased with temperature from 30 °C to 60 °C.…”

Section: Chemical Oxidation Of Pfasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study by Park et al. () also tested a soil–water slurry at 50 °C without pH buffering with an initial concentration of 1,000 μg/L PFOA. Approximately 25 percent of PFOA was oxidized in the slurry reactor in the first 7 days after application of 42 mM sodium persulfate, and an additional 30 percent of the initial PFOA was oxidized in the next 7 days after another application of 42 mM sodium persulfate.…”

Section: Chemical Oxidation Of Pfasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Technology review and evaluation of different chemical oxidation conditions on treatability of PFAS

Dombrowski¹,

Kakarla²,

Caldicott³

et al. 2018

Remediation Journal

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Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a class of stable compounds widely used in diverse applications. These emerging contaminants have unique properties due to carbon–fluorine (C–F) bonds, which are some of the strongest bonds in chemistry. High energy is required to break C–F bonds, which results in this class of compounds being recalcitrant to many degradation processes. Many technologies studied that have shown treatment effectiveness for PFAS cannot be implemented in situ. Chemical oxidation is a demonstrated remediation technology for in situ treatment of a wide range of organic environmental contaminants. An overview of relevant literature is presented, summarizing the use of single or combined reagent chemical oxidation processes that offer insight into oxidation–reduction chemistries potentially capable of PFAS degradation. Based on the observations and results of these studies, bench‐scale treatability tests were designed and performed to establish optimal conditions for the formation of specific free radical species, including superoxide and sulfate radicals, via various combinations of oxidants, catalysts, pH buffers, and heat to assess PFAS treatment by chemical oxidants. The study also suggests the possible abiotic transformations of some PFAS when chemical oxidation is or was used for treatment of primary organic contaminants (e.g., petroleum or chlorinated organic compounds) at a site. The bench‐scale tests utilized field‐collected samples from a firefighter training area. Much of the available data related to chemical oxidation of PFAS has only been reported for one or both of the two more commonly discussed PFAS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and/or perfluorooctanoic acid). In contrast, this treatability study evaluates oxidation of a diverse list of PFAS analytes. The results of this study and published literature conclude that heat‐activated persulfate is the oxidation method with the best degradation of PFAS. Limited reduction of reported PFAS concentrations in this study was observed in many oxidation reactors; however, unknown mass of PFAS (such as precursors of perfluoroalkyl acids) that cannot be identified in a field collected sample complicated quantification of how much oxidative destruction of PFAS actually occurred.

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Dyes and Biological Stains

2023

Destruction of Hazardous Chemicals in the Laboratory

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Heat-activated persulfate oxidation of PFOA, 6:2 fluorotelomer sulfonate, and PFOS under conditions suitable for in-situ groundwater remediation

Cited by 170 publications

References 36 publications

Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids by heat-activated persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation

Treatment of perfluoroalkyl acids by heat-activated persulfate under conditions representative of in situ chemical oxidation

Technology review and evaluation of different chemical oxidation conditions on treatability of PFAS

Dyes and Biological Stains

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