Heart, vascular, and haemopathic pain

Nociceptive and Neuropathic Pain Qualities in Men and Women with Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Complex Pain Presentation

“…Ongoing or repeated pain episodes cause negative changes in the nervous system such as maladaptive anaerobic glycolysis, tissue lactate production, accumulation of catabolites, and potassium efflux into the extracellular space [3] [4] [5] [6]. Acute pain, repeated episodes lead to pathological changes at the peripheral and central nervous system; these changes are collectively known as central sensitization [3] [4] [5] [6].…”

“…Ongoing or repeated pain episodes cause negative changes in the nervous system such as maladaptive anaerobic glycolysis, tissue lactate production, accumulation of catabolites, and potassium efflux into the extracellular space [3] [4] [5] [6]. Acute pain, repeated episodes lead to pathological changes at the peripheral and central nervous system; these changes are collectively known as central sensitization [3] [4] [5] [6]. Sensitization of the nervous system leads to different maladaptive forms of pain perception: hyperalgesia (increase pain sensitivity), hyperpathia (augmentation of normal pain duration) and increased intensity of the pain [3] [4] [5] [6].…”

“…Acute pain, repeated episodes lead to pathological changes at the peripheral and central nervous system; these changes are collectively known as central sensitization [3] [4] [5] [6]. Sensitization of the nervous system leads to different maladaptive forms of pain perception: hyperalgesia (increase pain sensitivity), hyperpathia (augmentation of normal pain duration) and increased intensity of the pain [3] [4] [5] [6]. In all cases, transition from acute pain to chronic or persistent cardiac pain, is in part, a function of sensitization that occurs from prolonged periods or repetitive episodes of acute cardiac pain that involves a transition phase by virtue of these pathological mechanisms.…”

“…As is with other types of pain, cardiac pain is subjective and complex in nature and encompasses sensory-discriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative components [2]. Specific to the individual, these components are interconnected and sub-served by certain areas in the brain (i.e., spinal cord, reticular, frontal, cortical areas), which in turn, add to the overall patient experience and perception of cardiac pain [3] [4] [5] [6].…”

“…Current understanding of myocardial ischemia and the individual perception of cardiac pain has been informed by pain science and observations from clinical research and practice [1] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]. Myocardial ischemia results from the development of atherosclerotic plaque build up that blocks blood flow through the epicardial arteries, compromising supply of rich oxygenated, nutrient saturated blood to the heart [8] [9].…”