“…However, lack of effects on inflammatory cytokines suggests that increased vagus nerve activity was not sufficient to decrease inflammation. Perhaps the effects on airway inflammation in our asthma study reported above (Lehrer et al, 2018 ) were specific to the inflammatory cytokine affecting the lung, IL4, which was not measured in the current study, or that the effects of injecting lipopolysaccharide overwhelmed any possible biofeedback effects. Our findings are consistent with the work of others.…”