Heart Rate Variability at Rest and Exercise: Influence of Age, Gender, and Physical Training

Grégoire, Jean‐Marie; Tuck, S; Yamamoto, Yoshiharu; Hughson, Richard L.

doi:10.1139/h96-040

Cited by 143 publications

(115 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…O 2 for the young group only, as well as an increase in power peak for both groups. This increase in aerobic capacity has been documented in other studies (10,15,16,21,22) for both anaerobic threshold and peak V . O 2 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of aerobic exercise training on heart rate variability during wakefulness and sleep and cardiorespiratory responses of young and middle-aged healthy men

Catai

Chacon-Mikahil

Martinelli

et al. 2002

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic physical training (APT) on heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiorespiratory responses at peak condition and ventilatory anaerobic threshold. Ten young (Y: median = 21 years) and seven middle-aged (MA = 53 years) healthy sedentary men were studied. Dynamic exercise tests were performed on a cycloergometer using a continuous ramp protocol (12 to 20 W/min) until exhaustion. A dynamic 24-h electrocardiogram was analyzed by time (TD) (standard deviation of mean R-R intervals) and frequency domain (FD) methods. The power spectral components were expressed as absolute (a) and normalized units (nu) at low (LF) and high (HF) frequencies and as the LF/HF ratio. Control (C) condition: HRV in TD (Y: 108, MA: 96 ms; P<0.05) and FD -LFa, HFa -was significantly higher in young (1030; 2589 ms 2 /Hz) than in middle-aged men (357; 342 ms 2 /Hz) only during sleep (P<0.05); posttraining effects: resting bradycardia (P<0.05) in the awake condition in both groups; V . O 2 increased for both groups at anaerobic threshold (P<0.05), and at peak condition only in young men; HRV in TD and FD (a and nu) was not significantly changed by training in either groups. The vagal predominance during sleep is reduced with aging. The resting bradycardia induced by short-term APT in both age groups suggests that this adaptation is much more related to intrinsic alterations in sinus node than in efferent vagal-sympathetic modulation. Furthermore, the greater alterations in V . O 2 than in HRV may be related to short-term APT.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Effects of aerobic exercise training on heart rate variability during wakefulness and sleep and cardiorespiratory responses of young and middle-aged healthy men

Catai

Chacon-Mikahil

Martinelli

et al. 2002

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…The improvements in estimates of autonomic functioning that we report in the lifestyle arm are plausible given reported associations in clinical and populationbased studies among fitness, physical activity, and autonomic functioning (27)(28)(29)(30). Nearly three-quarters (74%) of participants in the lifestyle arm of the DPP met their goal of at least 150 min of physical activity per week at 24 weeks after randomization (10).…”

Section: Modifying Autonomic Functionsupporting

confidence: 60%

The Association Among Autonomic Nervous System Function, Incident Diabetes, and Intervention Arm in the Diabetes Prevention Program

et al. 2006

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OBJECTIVE -Autonomic nervous system dysfunction, a correlate of obesity and poor cardiorespiratory fitness, is associated with the development of diabetes. We tested whether estimates of autonomic nervous system function improved in the intensive lifestyle versus metformin or placebo arms of the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) and whether baseline or a change in autonomic nervous system function was associated with the development of diabetes over 3.2 years.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -In 2,980 DPP participants, 12-lead electrocardiograms were measured at baseline and annually. Heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and QT duration were used to estimate fitness and autonomic nervous system function.RESULTS -In the lifestyle arm, heart rate and QT indexes decreased, and HRV increased over time. The magnitude of decline in heart rate and QT duration was substantially smaller in the other arms, whereas HRV did not increase. Baseline heart rate was the only index significantly (P Ͻ 0.05) associated with incident diabetes after adjustment for demographics and weight change (hazard ratio for lifestyle and metformin arms ϭ 1.19 and 1.17 per 10.6 beats/min, respectively). Decreases in heart rate and QT indexes and increases in HRV over time were associated with a lower risk of developing diabetes. The protective association between decreased heart rate and incident diabetes in the lifestyle arm remained significant after accounting for change in weight and physical activity.CONCLUSIONS -Indexes that reflect autonomic function and fitness improved (i.e., heart rate decreased and HRV increased) in the lifestyle modification arm of the DPP. Improvements in these indexes are inversely associated with the development of diabetes independent of weight change. Diabetes Care 29:914 -919, 2006A utonomic impairment has been identified at the time of diabetes diagnosis, which suggests that impairment may be present after a relatively brief exposure to hyperglycemia or develop in conjunction with obesity or insulin resistance (1,2). Cross-sectional studies in adults without diabetes provide evidence that markers of autonomic functioning are inversely associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and fasting glucose (3-6). Recent research suggesting that autonomic dysfunction predicts the development of diabetes (7,8) supports the long-held clinical suspicion that autonomic dysfunction is associated with the development of diabetes in healthy adults (9).Adults were identified as eligible to participate in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) because they were at risk for developing diabetes, most commonly because of existing hyperglycemia and obesity. Thus, it is plausible that many had existing autonomic impairment at baseline in the study. At the conclusion of the trial, there was a significantly lower incidence of diabetes in the intensive lifestyle modification arm compared with that in the metformin or placebo arms (10). Lifestyle modification involved increasing physical activity and lowering dietary fat intake with a goa...

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“…As expression of such adaptations, nonsedentary individuals are supposed to have lower HR (34) and blood pressure at rest (35). As mentioned earlier, since parasympathetic activity increases HRV we could expect reduced HRV in sedentary people (36,37). However, the influence of programmed exercise on HRV is an open issue (20).…”

Section: Effect Of Sedentary Life Stylementioning

confidence: 98%

Relative influence of age, resting heart rate and sedentary life style in short-term analysis of heart rate variability

Migliaro

Contreras

Bech

et al. 2001

Braz J Med Biol Res

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In order to assess the relative influence of age, resting heart rate (HR) and sedentary life style, heart rate variability (HRV) was studied in two different groups. The young group (YG) consisted of 9 sedentary subjects aged 15 to 20 years (YG-S) and of 9 nonsedentary volunteers (YG-NS) also aged 15 to 20. The elderly sedentary group (ESG) consisted of 16 sedentary subjects aged 39 to 82 years. HRV was assessed using a short-term procedure (5 min). R-R variability was calculated in the time-domain by means of the root mean square successive differences. Frequency-domain HRV was evaluated by power spectrum analysis considering high frequency and low frequency bands. In the YG the effort tolerance was ranked in a bicycle stress test. HR was similar for both groups while ESG showed a reduced HRV compared with YG. Within each group, HRV displayed a negative correlation with HR. Although YG-NS had better effort tolerance than YG-S, their HR and HRV were not significantly different. We conclude that HRV is reduced with increasing HR or age, regardless of life style. The results obtained in our short-term study agree with others of longer duration by showing that age and HR are the main determinants of HRV. Our results do not support the idea that changes in HRV are related to regular physical activity.

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Heart Rate Variability at Rest and Exercise: Influence of Age, Gender, and Physical Training

Cited by 143 publications

References 21 publications

Effects of aerobic exercise training on heart rate variability during wakefulness and sleep and cardiorespiratory responses of young and middle-aged healthy men

Effects of aerobic exercise training on heart rate variability during wakefulness and sleep and cardiorespiratory responses of young and middle-aged healthy men

The Association Among Autonomic Nervous System Function, Incident Diabetes, and Intervention Arm in the Diabetes Prevention Program

Relative influence of age, resting heart rate and sedentary life style in short-term analysis of heart rate variability

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