Heart Rate, Life Expectancy and the Cardiovascular System: Therapeutic Considerations

Boudoulas, Konstantinos Dean; Borer, Jeffrey S.; Boudoulas, Harisios

doi:10.1159/000435947

Cited by 1,241 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…An elevated heart rate also tended to be associated with the risk of death during follow-up (p = .033). The elevation of heart rate as a risk factor for premature death has been the subject of debate for decades (Boudoulas, Borer, & Boudoulas, 2015). Relative overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system in relation to the parasympathetic nervous system is the most common explanation TA B L E 3 Prehospital factors associated with risk of death during one year of follow-up for an elevated heart rate.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prehospital identification of factors associated with death during one‐year follow‐up after acute stroke

et al. 2018

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ObjectivesIn acute stroke, the risk of death and neurological sequelae are obvious threats. The aim of the study was to evaluate the association between various clinical factors identified by the emergency medical service (EMS) system before arriving at hospital and the risk of death during the subsequent year among patients with a confirmed stroke.Material and MethodsAll patients with a diagnosis of stroke as the primary diagnosis admitted to a hospital in western Sweden (1.6 million inhabitants) during a four‐month period were included. There were no exclusion criteria.ResultsIn all, 1,028 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of stroke who used the EMS were included in the analyses. Among these patients, 360 (35%) died during the following year. Factors that were independently associated with an increased risk of death were as follows: (1) high age, per year OR 1.07; 95% CI 1.05‐1.09; (2) a history of heart failure, OR 2.08; 95% CI 1.26‐3.42; (3) an oxygen saturation of <90%, OR 8.05; 95% CI 3.33‐22.64; and (4) a decreased level of consciousness, OR 2.19; 95% CI 1.61‐3.03.ConclusionsAmong patients with a stroke, four factors identified before arrival at hospital were associated with a risk of death during the following year. They were reflected in the patients’ age, previous clinical history, respiratory function, and the function of the central nervous system.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prehospital identification of factors associated with death during one‐year follow‐up after acute stroke

et al. 2018

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“…High resting heart rate (RHR) causes an increase in hemodynamic stress and a reduction of the diastolic time intervals, leading to increased oxygen consumption, reduction of myocardial perfusion and increased left ventricular (LV) workload in the long duration. These result in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), vascular stiffness, arterial hypertension, endothelial damage, coronary atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia, ventricular arrhythmias and congestive heart failure (CHF) [4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. High RHR stimulates fatigue and fracture of elastic fibers inside the arterial wall [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review

Lazim

Aminuddin

Chellappan

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Finger photoplethysmography (PPG) waveform is blood volume change of finger microcirculation that reflects vascular function. Reflection index (RI), stiffness index (SI) and second derivative of photoplethysmogram (SDPPG) are derived from PPG waveforms proposed as cardiovascular disease (CVD) markers. Heart rate (HR) is a known factor that affects vascular function. Individual resting HR variation may affect RI, SI and SDPPG. This review aims to identify studies about the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG among humans. A literature search was conducted in Medline via the Ebscohost and Scopus databases to find relevant articles published within 11 years. The main inclusion criteria were articles in the English language that discuss the relationship between HR with RI, SI and SDPPG using PPG among humans. The search found 1960 relevant articles but only six articles that met the inclusion criteria. SI and RI showed an association with HR. SDPPG (SDPPG-b/SDPPG-a ratio, SDPPG-d/SDPPG-a ratio, aging index (AGI) and revised aging index (RAGI)) also had an association with HR. Only RI had a considerable association with HR, the association between SI and HR was non-considerable and the association between HR and SDPPG was inconclusive. Further interventional studies should be conducted to investigate this issue, as a variation in resting HR may challenge the validity of PPG-based CVD markers.

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“…One obvious difference is the average resting heart rate of adult mice is 600 – 700 beats per min (bpm) whereas that of adult humans is ~60–100 bpm 8,9 . Additionally, in mice the repolarization waves, J and T, often merge with the depolarization QRS-complex making a clear ST-segment difficult to discern 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmation of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice Using Surface Pad Electrocardiography

Scofield

Singh

2016

JoVE

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Many animal models have been established for the study of myocardial remodeling and heart failure due to its status as the number one cause of mortality worldwide. In humans, a pathologic occlusion forms in a coronary artery and reperfusion of that occluded artery is considered essential to maintain viability of the myocardium at risk. Although essential for myocardial recovery, reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium creates its own tissue injury. The physiologic response and healing of an ischemia/reperfusion injury is different from a chronic occlusion injury. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is gaining recognition as a clinically relevant model for myocardial infarction studies. For this reason, parallel animal models of ischemia/reperfusion are vital in advancing the knowledge base regarding myocardial injury. Typically, ischemia of the mouse heart after left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery occlusion is confirmed by visible pallor of the myocardium below the occlusion (ligature). However, this offers only a subjective way of confirming correct or consistent ligature placement, as there are multiple major arteries that could cause pallor in different myocardial regions. A method of recording electrocardiographic changes to assess correct ligature placement and resultant ischemia as well as reperfusion, to supplement observed myocardial pallor, would help yield consistent infarct sizes in mouse models. In turn, this would help decrease the number of mice used. Additionally, electrocardiographic changes can continue to be recorded non-invasively in a time-dependent fashion after the surgery. This article will demonstrate a method of electrocardiographically confirming myocardial ischemia and reperfusion in real time.

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Heart Rate, Life Expectancy and the Cardiovascular System: Therapeutic Considerations

Cited by 1,241 publications

References 68 publications

Prehospital identification of factors associated with death during one‐year follow‐up after acute stroke

Prehospital identification of factors associated with death during one‐year follow‐up after acute stroke

Is Heart Rate a Confounding Factor for Photoplethysmography Markers? A Systematic Review

Confirmation of Myocardial Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury in Mice Using Surface Pad Electrocardiography

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