Heart rate, heart rate variability, and heartbeat detection with the method of constant stimuli: slow and steady wins the race

On the relationship between interoceptive awareness and the attentional processing of visual stimuli

“…Though this task is widely used (Ehlers et al, 2000;Pollatos et al, 2007Pollatos et al, , 2005Pollatos and Schandry, 2004) there are several studies reporting that these kinds of tracking tasks may be influenced by people's beliefs and expectancies about their heart rates (Knapp et al, 1997;Knapp-Kline and Kline, 2005;Wiens and Palmer, 2001;Windmann et al, 1999). Besides of the mentioned expectancies also other factors like attention or motivation may influence the outcome of any heartbeat perception task.…”

Heart rate response after emotional picture presentation is modulated by interoceptive awareness

“…Concerning the used heartbeat detection task, potential weaknesses must be taken in account when assessing interoception. Though this task is widely used Pollatos et al, 2005a,b;Pollatos and Schandry, 2004) there are several studies reporting that these kind of tracking tasks may be influenced by people's beliefs and expectancies about their heart rates (Knapp et al, 1997;Knapp-Kline and Kline, 2005;Wiens and Palmer, 2001;Windmann et al, 1999). Other factors like attention or motivation may also influence the outcome of any heartbeat perception task.…”

Interoceptive awareness, anxiety and cardiovascular reactivity to isometric exercise

“…Though this task is widely used Leopold and Schandry, 2001;Pollatos et al, 2005a,b) there are several studies reporting that these kind of tracking tasks may be influenced by people's beliefs and expectancies about their heart rates (Knapp et al, 1997;Knapp-Kline and Kline, 2005;Wiens and Palmer, 2001;Windmann et al, 1999). Besides of the mentioned expectancies also other factors like attention or motivation may influence the outcome of any heartbeat perception task.…”