Heart-rate decelerative Pavlovian conditioning with tilt as UCS: Towards behavioural control of cardiac dysfunction

Furedy, John J.; Poulos, Constantine X.

doi:10.1016/0301-0511(76)90010-7

Cited by 70 publications

(11 citation statements)

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“…Heart rate is yet another measure of autonomic activity commonly used in Pavlovian fear conditioning [17], and several studies have examined the heart rate response in these experiments (e.g. [28][29][30][31]). Differences in these autonomic responses have also been noted between healthy subjects and neuropsychiatric patients (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mixed filter algorithm for sympathetic arousal tracking from skin conductance and heart rate measurements in Pavlovian fear conditioning

Wickramasuriya

Faghih

2020

PLoS ONE

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Pathological fear and anxiety disorders can have debilitating impacts on individual patients and society. The neural circuitry underlying fear learning and extinction has been known to play a crucial role in the development and maintenance of anxiety disorders. Pavlovian conditioning, where a subject learns an association between a biologically-relevant stimulus and a neutral cue, has been instrumental in guiding the development of therapies for treating anxiety disorders. To date, a number of physiological signal responses such as skin conductance, heart rate, electroencephalography and cerebral blood flow have been analyzed in Pavlovian fear conditioning experiments. However, physiological markers are often examined separately to gain insight into the neural processes underlying fear acquisition. We propose a method to track a single brain-related sympathetic arousal state from physiological signal features during fear conditioning. We develop a state-space formulation that probabilistically relates features from skin conductance and heart rate to the unobserved sympathetic arousal state. We use an expectation-maximization framework for state estimation and model parameter recovery. State estimation is performed via Bayesian filtering. We evaluate our model on simulated and experimental data acquired in a trace fear conditioning experiment. Results on simulated data show the ability of our proposed method to estimate an unobserved arousal state and recover model parameters. Results on experimental data are consistent with skin conductance measurements and provide good fits to heartbeats modeled as a binary point process. The ability to track arousal from skin conductance and heart rate within a state-space model is an important precursor to the development of wearable monitors that could aid in patient care. Anxiety and trauma-related disorders are often accompanied by a heightened sympathetic tone and the methods described herein could find clinical applications in remote monitoring for therapeutic purposes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A mixed filter algorithm for sympathetic arousal tracking from skin conductance and heart rate measurements in Pavlovian fear conditioning

Wickramasuriya

Faghih

2020

PLoS ONE

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“…In contrast to a long-lasting, sympathetically mediated tachycardia observed during aversive contextual conditioning in rats (Nijsen et al, 1998;Roozendaal, Koolhaas, & Bohus, 1991), cue conditioning typically elicits short-latency, parasympathetically mediated bradycardia in humans (Furedy & Poulos, 1976;Headrick & Graham, 1969;Klorman & Ryan, 1980) as well as rabbits (Gallagher, Kapp, McNall, & Pascoe, 1981;Gentile, Jarrell, Teich, McCabe, & Schneiderman, 1986) and rats (Supple & Leaton, 1990), thus providing comparability across species.…”

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confidence: 99%

Modeling fear‐conditioned bradycardia in humans

et al. 2016

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Across species, cued fear conditioning is a common experimental paradigm to investigate aversive Pavlovian learning. While fear‐conditioned stimuli (CS+) elicit overt behavior in many mammals, this is not the case in humans. Typically, autonomic nervous system activity is used to quantify fear memory in humans, measured by skin conductance responses (SCR). Here, we investigate whether heart period responses (HPR) evoked by the CS, often observed in humans and small mammals, are suitable to complement SCR as an index of fear memory in humans. We analyze four datasets involving delay and trace conditioning, in which heart beats are identified via electrocardiogram or pulse oximetry, to show that fear‐conditioned heart rate deceleration (bradycardia) is elicited and robustly distinguishes CS+ from CS−. We then develop a psychophysiological model (PsPM) of fear‐conditioned HPR. This PsPM is inverted to yield estimates of autonomic input into the heart. We show that the sensitivity to distinguish CS+ and CS− (predictive validity) is higher for model‐based estimates than peak‐scoring analysis, and compare this with SCR. Our work provides a novel tool to investigate fear memory in humans that allows direct comparison between species.

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“…Albeit speculative, based on the fact that in our experiments with haloperidol we used only 4 pairings of the context-CS and the drug-US, compared to the 8 pairings in the experiments of Schmidt & Beninger (2006), or the 10 employed by Banasikowsky & Beninger (2012) or Dias et al (2012), and taking into account that the CR is usually of a lower intensity than the UR (56,57), we suggest that in our experiments the presentation of the context associated with the 0.5 mg / kg dose of haloperidol may have led to a low intensity CR that would have been functionally equivalent to the response induced by a low dose of haloperidol. This CR could have blocked the presynaptic dopamine autoreceptors, preventing the feedback mechanism that would limit the release of the neurotransmitter, while the postsynaptic receptors would not have been affected, leading to an excessive dopamine reuptake that could have caused the conditioned increase in locomotor activity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditioned increase of locomotor activity induced by haloperidol

Casa

Cárcel

Ruiz-Salas

et al. 2018

Preprint

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25Dopamine antagonist drugs have profound effects on locomotor activity. In 26 particular, the administration of the D2 antagonist haloperidol produces a state that is 27 similar to catalepsy. In order to confirm whether the modulation of the dopaminergic 28 activity produced by haloperidol can act as an unconditioned stimulus, we carried out 29 two experiments in which the administration of haloperidol was repeatedly paired with 30 the presence of distinctive contextual cues that served as a Conditioned Stimulus.31 Paradoxically, the results revealed a dose-dependent increase in locomotor activity 32 following conditioning with dopamine antagonist (Experiments 1) that was susceptible of 33 extinction when the conditioned stimulus was presented repeatedly by itself after 34 conditioning (Experiment 2). These data are interpreted from an associative 35 perspective, considering them as a result of a classical conditioning process. 36 37 38 Keywords: Classical Conditioning; Haloperidol; Dopamine; Locomotor Activity 3 39 Introduction 40An inherent characteristic of nature is change and, throughout the process of 41 evolution, organisms endowed with a complex nervous system have developed 42 psychological mechanisms that allow for anticipating these changes and producing 43 responses that facilitate adaptation to the environment. One such mechanism is that of 44 classical or Pavlovian conditioning, which has been proposed as a fundamental process 45 to explain how organisms learn to respond adaptively in anticipation of the occurrence 46 of environmental events (1,2). In fact, there are numerous examples that illustrate the 47 relevance of classical conditioning in the field of the study of emotional processes (3,4),48 in the acquisition of eating habits (5,6) or its usefulness for the analysis and treatment of 49 certain pathologies (7,8), among many others. 50Another area in which the adaptive relevance of Pavlovian associations has been 51 demonstrated is related to the effects of repeatedly presenting a neutral stimulus 52 accompanied by the effects of a drug. This procedure has led to seemingly 53 contradictory results, since while in some cases the Conditioned Response (CR) that 54 appears has been similar to that produced by the drug (9,10), on other occasions the 55 CR has been of an opposite nature to that induced by the drugs (11,12). Eikelboom & 56 Stewart (1982) have proposed that the origin of these differences could be related to the 57 effect of the drug on the nervous system: whilst on some occasions the Conditional 58 Stimulus (CS) is associated with an Unconditioned Response (UR) dependent on the 59 central nervous system, at other times the CS is associated with a peripheral UR that 60 will appear to compensate for the central effects of the drug. In the first case, the 61 association between the drug and the CS would lead to the appearance of a CR similar 4 62 to the one that is produced by the drug, while in the second case, the CR would be 63 opposite to that produced by the drug at the centra...

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Heart-rate decelerative Pavlovian conditioning with tilt as UCS: Towards behavioural control of cardiac dysfunction

Cited by 70 publications

References 11 publications

A mixed filter algorithm for sympathetic arousal tracking from skin conductance and heart rate measurements in Pavlovian fear conditioning

A mixed filter algorithm for sympathetic arousal tracking from skin conductance and heart rate measurements in Pavlovian fear conditioning

Modeling fear‐conditioned bradycardia in humans

Conditioned increase of locomotor activity induced by haloperidol

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