Heart rate and swimming activity as stress indicators for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Svendsen, Eirik; Føre, Martin; Økland, Finn; Gräns, Albin; Hedger, Richard D.; Alfredsen, Jo Arve; Uglem, Ingebrigt; Rosten, Carolyn M.; Frank, Kevin; Erikson, Ulf; Finstad, Bengt

doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.735804

Cited by 50 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…All three DST types tested in this experiment appeared to be suitable for applications on Atlantic salmon as all tagged sh provided valid heart rate data. Moreover, the activity proxy computed from the DSTs containing accelerometers were found to be comparable to those measured by the acoustic tags (see Svendsen et al, 2020 for details on this comparison). The lower absolute amplitude of the activity proxies computed from the DST data was probably caused by them sampling at a lower frequency (1 Hz) than the acoustic tags (5 Hz), thereby capturing fewer high frequency components.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

“…The exponential model used in this study is a well-validated method for modelling physiological recovery (Bartels-Ferreira et al 2016) but alternative approaches may also be considered (e.g. Svendsen et al 2020). The sample size of sh in this study was small (N = 9); a larger sample size would allow a better quanti cation of the range of behaviour during recovery and allow better selection of the modelling approach.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Coping with stress is also an energy-demanding process (Barton and Schreck, 1987) and one of the most common indicators of metabolic effects due to stress is the increase in plasma glucose concentration (Iwama et al, 2006). Such changes have recently been shown to lead to increased heart rates also in sh (Svendsen et al, 2020). Other studies have aimed to evaluate post-surgery recovery by comparing the behaviour of the tagged sh to their behaviour before surgery or in untagged cohabitant sh.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The data were collected in a controlled experiment in tanks studying how stress responses in Atlantic salmon can be measured using state-of-the-art technology. The stress response part of this experiment is described in greater detail by Svendsen et al (2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heart rate and swimming activity as indicators of post-surgical recovery time of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Føre¹,

Svendsen²,

Økland

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Fish telemetry using electronic transmitter or data storage tags has become a common method for studying free-swimming fish both in the wild and in aquaculture. However, fish used in telemetry studies must be handled, anaesthetised and often subjected to surgical procedures to be equipped with tags, processes that will shift the fish from their normal physiological and behavioural states. In many projects, information is needed on when the fish has recovered after handling and tagging so that only the data recorded after the fish has fully recovered are used in analyses. We aimed to establish recovery times of adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) after an intraperitoneal tagging procedure featuring handling, anaesthesia and surgery. Results: Based on ECG and accelerometer data collected with telemetry from nine individual Atlantic salmon during the first period after tagging, we found that heart rate was initially elevated in all fish, and that it took an average of ≈4 days and a maximum of 6 days for heart rate to return to an assumed baseline level. One activity tag showed no consistent decline in activity, and two others did not show strong evidence of complete recovery by the end of the experiment: baseline levels of the remaining tags were on average reached after ≈ 3.3 days. Conclusion: Our findings showed that the Atlantic salmon used in this study required an average of ≈ 4 days, with a maximum interval of 6 days, of recovery after tagging before tag data could be considered valid. Moreover, the differences between recovery times for heart rate and activity imply that recovery time recommendations should be developed based on a combination of indicators and not just on e.g. behavioural observations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Heart rate and swimming activity as indicators of post-surgical recovery time of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Føre¹,

Svendsen²,

Økland

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Increased cardiac activity represents an adrenergic stress response, which is typically responsible for activating metabolic pathways and mobilizing energy to cope with potential challenges [65][66][67][68][69] . In this case, the perceived challenge consisted on acoustic disturbance, which is not a life-threatening situation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of noise exposure on development, physiological stress and behavioural patterns in larval zebrafish

LARA¹,

VASCONCELOS²

2020

Preprint

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Noise pollution is increasingly present in aquatic ecosystems, causing detrimental effects on growth, physiology and behaviour of organisms. However, limited information exists on how this stressor affects animals in early ontogeny, a critical period for development and establishment of phenotypic traits.We tested the effects of chronic noise exposure to increasing levels (130 and 150 dB re 1 μPa, continuous white noise) and different temporal regimes on larval zebrafish (Danio rerio), an important vertebrate model in ecotoxicology.The acoustic treatments did not affect general development or hatching but higher noise levels led to increased mortality. The cardiac rate, yolk sac consumption and cortisol levels increased significantly with increasing noise level at both 3 and 5 dpf (days post fertilization). Variation in noise temporal patterns (different random noise periods to simulate shipping activity) suggested that time regime adopted is more important than the total duration of noise exposure is important to down-regulate physiological stress. Moreover, 5 dpf larvae exposed to 150 dB continuous noise displayed increased dark avoidance in anxiety-related dark/light preference test and impaired spontaneous alternation behaviour.We provide first evidence of noise-induced physiological stress and behavioural disturbance in larval zebrafish, showing that both noise amplitude and timing negatively impact key developmental endpoints in early ontogeny.

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Premises for a digital twin of the Atlantic salmon in its world: Agency, robustness, subjectivity and prediction

Budaev,

Dumitru,

Enberg

et al. 2024

Aquaculture Fish & Fisheries

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Aquaculture of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar is in transition to precision fish farming and digitalization. As it is easier, cheaper and safer to study a digital replica than the system itself, a model of the fish can potentially improve monitoring and prediction of facilities and operations and replace live fish in many what‐if experiments. Regulators, consumers and voters also want insight into how it is like to be a salmon in aquaculture. However, such information is credible only if natural physiology and behaviour of the living fish is adequately represented. To be able to predict salmon behaviour in unfamiliar, confusing and stressful situations, the modeller must aim for a sufficiently realistic behavioural model based on the animal's proximate robustness mechanisms. We review the knowledge status and algorithms for how evolution has formed fish to control decisions and set priorities for behaviour and ontogeny. Teleost body control is through genes, hormones, nerves, muscles, sensing, cognition and behaviour, the latter being agentic, predictive and subjective, also in a man‐made environment. These are the challenges when constructing the digital salmon. This perspective is also useful for modelling other domesticated and wild animals in Anthropocene environments.

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Heart rate and swimming activity as stress indicators for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Cited by 50 publications

References 27 publications

Heart rate and swimming activity as indicators of post-surgical recovery time of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Heart rate and swimming activity as indicators of post-surgical recovery time of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Impact of noise exposure on development, physiological stress and behavioural patterns in larval zebrafish

Premises for a digital twin of the Atlantic salmon in its world: Agency, robustness, subjectivity and prediction

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