Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Ueda, Yuichi; Slabaugh, Taylor L.; Walker, Ashley L.; Ontiveros, Eric S.; Sosa, Paul Michael D.; Reader, Rachel; Roberts, Jeffrey A.; Stern, Joshua A.

doi:10.3389/fvets.2019.00001

Cited by 83 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Diagnosis of HCM was historically made based on gross necropsy examination documenting severely thickened left ventricular walls with or without prominent papillary muscles [12]. However, HCM could also be diagnosed by antemortem echocardiographic examination assisted by complimentary electrocardiographic, radiographic and cardiac biomarker analyses [10,34]. Therefore, precise reference intervals are essential to accurately diagnose HCM using echocardiographic examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic Reference Intervals with Allometric Scaling of 823 Clinically Healthy Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Ueda

Duler

Elliot

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. A few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. However, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. In addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these variables. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete echocardiographic parameters based on a large cohort of clinically healthy rhesus macaques with wide ranges of weight and age distributions using allometric scaling. Results: A total of 823 rhesus macaques (ages 6 months to 31 years old; body weights 1.4 to 22.6 kg) were enrolled. Of these rhesus macaques, 421 were males and 402 were females. They were assessed with a complete echocardiographic examination including structural and functional evaluation under sedation with ketamine hydrochloride. The reference intervals of the key echocardiographic parameters were indexed to weight, age, and sex by calculating the coefficients of the allometric equation Y = aMb. On correlation matrix, body weight, age, sex, and heart rate were significantly correlated with various echocardiographic parameters and some of the parameters were strongly correlated with body weight and age. Multiple regression analysis was also performed to predict various echocardiographic parameters from heart rate, body weight, age and sex. Heart rate and body weight statistically significantly predicted various echocardiographic parameters. Valve regurgitation including tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic, and mitral regurgitations without other cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are common in clinically healthy rhesus macaques under ketamine sedation. Conclusions: In this study, the reference intervals of echocardiographic parameters were established by performing complete echocardiographic examinations on a large number of clinical healthy rhesus macaques. In addition, allometric scaling was performed based on their weight, and further indexed to age and sex. These allometrically scaled reference intervals can be used to accurately evaluate echocardiographic data in rhesus macaques and diagnose structural and functional evidence of cardiac disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic Reference Intervals with Allometric Scaling of 823 Clinically Healthy Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Ueda

Duler

Elliot

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Diagnosis of HCM was historically made based on gross necropsy examination documenting severely thickened left ventricular walls with or without prominent papillary muscles [ 12 ]. However, HCM could also be diagnosed by antemortem echocardiographic examination assisted by complimentary electrocardiographic, radiographic and cardiac biomarker analyses [ 10 , 42 ]. Therefore, precise reference intervals are essential to accurately diagnose HCM using echocardiographic examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diastolic dysfunction was diagnosed by pulsed-wave spectral Doppler trans-mitral filling patterns with a ratio of early to late filling velocities ≤0.9, or with the spectral tissue Doppler lateral or medial peak mitral annular velocity during early and late filling phase ≤0.9 [ 3 , 10 , 42 ]. Rhesus macaques < 18 years old were excluded from this study if they were diagnosed with diastolic dysfunction.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Echocardiographic reference intervals with allometric scaling of 823 clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

et al. 2020

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background Echocardiography is commonly used for assessing cardiac structure and function in various species including non-human primates. A few previous studies reported normal echocardiographic reference intervals of clinically healthy rhesus macaques under sedation. However, these studies were under-powered, and the techniques were not standardized. In addition, body weight, age, and sex matched reference intervals should be established as echocardiographic measurements are commonly influenced by these variables. The purpose of this study was to establish reference intervals for complete echocardiographic parameters based on a large cohort of clinically healthy rhesus macaques with wide ranges of weight and age distributions using allometric scaling. Results A total of 823 rhesus macaques (ages 6 months to 31 years old; body weights 1.4 to 22.6 kg) were enrolled. Of these rhesus macaques, 421 were males and 402 were females. They were assessed with a complete echocardiographic examination including structural and functional evaluation under sedation with ketamine hydrochloride. The reference intervals of the key echocardiographic parameters were indexed to weight, age, and sex by calculating the coefficients of the allometric eq. Y = aMb. On correlation matrix, body weight, age, sex, and heart rate were significantly correlated with various echocardiographic parameters and some of the parameters were strongly correlated with body weight and age. Multiple regression analysis revealed that heart rate and body weight statistically significantly predicted several echocardiographic parameters. Valve regurgitation including tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic, and mitral regurgitations without other cardiac structural and functional abnormalities are common in clinically healthy rhesus macaques under ketamine sedation. Conclusions In this study, the reference intervals of echocardiographic parameters were established by performing complete echocardiographic examinations on a large number of clinical healthy rhesus macaques. In addition, allometric scaling was performed based on their weight, and further indexed to age and sex. These allometrically scaled reference intervals can be used to accurately evaluate echocardiographic data in rhesus macaques and diagnose structural and functional evidence of cardiac disease.

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“…Continued exploration and testing of Anti-Nosema compounds is necessary, as management of these fungi will most likely require a combination of solutions. A recent review by Burnham [75] efficiently summarized the breadth of treatments being investigated that includes small molecules, RNA interference, extracts and supplements, and microbial supplements. In addition to continued research into treatments for Nosema diseases, further environmental surveys must be conducted to determine the distribution of Nosema species in both managed and wild bees.…”

Section: Management and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A growing pandemic: A review of Nosema parasites in globally distributed domesticated and native bees

Grupe

Quandt

2020

PLoS Pathog

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Nosema infection in bees Domesticated and native bees face a variety of deadly threats that cause mortality and reduced fecundity and thus, by extension, endanger agriculture and native plant communities that rely on bees for pollination. Biotic factors negatively impacting bees include: viruses, nematodes, mites, bacteria, and fungi. Additionally, abiotic threats include the destruction of nesting and floral resources from anthropogenic sources as well as a plethora of negative factors from climate change. While a substantial amount of research has been done investigating the causes of colony collapse disorder in the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, there is growing evidence over the past two decades that another pandemic of bees, both domesticated and native, is growing. This pandemic is the result of the spread of fungal pathogens in the genus Nosema. Nosema species belong to Microsporidia, which are all unicellular, obligate symbionts of animals, and gregarines. Although long thought to be protists, Microsporidia are now recognized as a highly reduced lineage of fungi [1]. Tokarev and colleagues [2] recently placed Nosema species that infect bees (Anthophila, Hymenoptera) within a new genus, Vairimorpha, but for the sake of consistency with the existing literature this Review article will refer to them simply as Nosema. Specifically, Nosema carry out their life cycle by infecting the cells in the midgut of bees. Once a spore is ingested by a bee and reaches the midgut, it will germinate. It then injects its contents into the host cell where it consumes the cell contents via phagocytosis until it eventually lays down spore walls before rupturing the host cell to release the spores [3]. These spores can then infect other cells in the digestive tract or be passed out of the host in excrement, thereby contaminating floral resources, collected pollen, and the nesting environment. Other bees are then susceptible to ingest spores in the nest via fecal-oral transmission, or if excreted at a floral resource, the fungus can infect any susceptible hosts that come into contact with that flower [4,5]. Due to the extent of bee foraging ranges, this process not only increases the local pathogen load but also serves to disperse Nosema to new habitats and novel hosts. In addition to the natural transmission of these pathogens, commercial products such as honey, bee pollen, and royal jelly can be contaminated and potentially disperse these pathogens [6]. The most common symptoms of Nosema infection are dysentery and microscopic lesions within the gut and Malpighian tubules. This leads to host frailty, lethargy, and loss of workers in eusocial bees that reduces foraging ability for the colony through mortality, reduced homing ability, shorter foraging flights, and inefficient foraging behavior [5,7]. Nosema bombi infections also reduce the fecundity of the colony through detrimental physical effects to the reproductive organs in male bumblebees, increased mortality of workers, and negatively impacting

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Heart Rate and Heart Rate Variability of Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta) Affected by Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Cited by 83 publications

References 47 publications

Echocardiographic Reference Intervals with Allometric Scaling of 823 Clinically Healthy Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Echocardiographic Reference Intervals with Allometric Scaling of 823 Clinically Healthy Rhesus Macaques (Macaca Mulatta)

Echocardiographic reference intervals with allometric scaling of 823 clinically healthy rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

A growing pandemic: A review of Nosema parasites in globally distributed domesticated and native bees

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