Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status

Adams, P. N.; Hurd, Michael D.; McFadden, Daniel; Merrill, Angela; Ribeiro, Tiago C.

doi:10.1016/s0304-4076(02)00145-8

Cited by 551 publications

(499 citation statements)

References 70 publications

(41 reference statements)

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“…Other research went on to confirm the independent association of grade, after controlling for known risk factors, with common diseases (Marmot, Shipley and Rose, 1984) and in women as well as men (Marmot et al, 1991;Ferrie et al, 2002). This statistical association has now been found in many populations (Adams et al, 2003;Adler and Ostrove, 1999;Adler et al, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…LlerasMuney, 2005;Smith, 2005). Adams et al (2003) tests for the absence of direct causality from SES to health, using both economic and education measures of SES. The authors draw upon data from the Asset and Health Dynamics (AHEAD) Panel, on Americans aged 70 and older, and after conditioning upon initial health conditions cannot reject the hypothesis of no causal link from SES to overall mortality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mortality and immortality: The Nobel Prize as an experiment into the effect of status upon longevity

Rablen

Oswald

2008

Journal of Health Economics

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It has been known for centuries that the rich and famous have longer lives than the poor and ordinary. Causality, however, remains trenchantly debated. The ideal experiment would be one in which extra status could somehow be dropped upon a sub-sample of individuals while those in a control group of comparable individuals received none. This paper attempts to formulate a test in that spirit. It collects 19th-century birth data on science Nobel Prize winners. Correcting for potential biases, we estimate that winning the Prize, compared to merely being nominated, is associated with between 1 and 2 years of extra longevity.JEL classification: I12

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mortality and immortality: The Nobel Prize as an experiment into the effect of status upon longevity

Rablen

Oswald

2008

Journal of Health Economics

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“…The estimated income effect is, in nearly all cases, of larger magnitude than traditionally observed, which is consistent with a causal role for income upon health. Adams et al (2003) adopt an alternative approach. The authors test for the absence of effects of socio-economic status upon innovations in health in a sample of Americans aged 70 or more in 1993 who were followed until 1998.…”

Section: Socio-economic Status Health and Mortalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

How is mortality affected by money, marriage, and stress?

Gardner¹,

Oswald

2004

Journal of Health Economics

194

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It is believed that the length of a person's life depends on a mixture of economic and social factors. Yet the relative importance of these is still debated. We provide recent British evidence that marriage has a strong positive effect on longevity. Economics matters less. After controlling for health at the start of the 1990s, we cannot find reliable evidence that income affects the probability of death in the subsequent decade. Although marriage keeps people alive, it does not appear to work through a reduction of stress levels. Greater levels of psychological distress (as measured by General Health Questionnaire stress scores) cannot explain why unmarried people die younger. For women, however, we do find that mental strain is dangerous. High GHQ stress scores help to predict the probability of an early death.

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“…Such a health shock may cause the onset of a permanent disability or chronical condition. Here our approach differs from, for example, Smith (2003) and Adams et al (2003) who use the onset of a chronic condition as a measure for health shocks. Health shocks occur at different moments in life and, therefore, our model should be dynamic.…”

Section: Theoretical Background and The Empirical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health shocks, disability and work

2016

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• Exploits unscheduled hospitalizations as unanticipated health shocks in event-history model.• Health shocks substantially increase disability risk, but no direct effect on employment.• Finds sizeable (local average treatment) effect of onset of disability on employment.• Effects larger for men and low-educated workers. a b s t r a c t a r t i c l e i n f o This paper focuses on the relation between health shocks and the onset of a disability and employment outcomes. We estimate an event-history model using data from the British National Child Development Study (NCDS), where accidents causing a unscheduled hospitalization are the measure for unanticipated health shocks. Our results show that experiencing such a health shock substantially increases the likelihood of the onset of a disability, while it does not have direct effects on employment at later ages. This finding is used to simulate the causal effects of the onset of a disability on later employment outcomes. These simulations show that about two-third of the association between disability and employment can be explained by the causal effect of the onset of a disability on employment. The remaining one-third is selection. For men and lower-educated workers the association is mainly explained by the causal effect, while for women selection is more important.

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Healthy, wealthy, and wise? Tests for direct causal paths between health and socioeconomic status

Cited by 551 publications

References 70 publications

Mortality and immortality: The Nobel Prize as an experiment into the effect of status upon longevity

Mortality and immortality: The Nobel Prize as an experiment into the effect of status upon longevity

How is mortality affected by money, marriage, and stress?

Health shocks, disability and work

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