Healthy aging index and its link with relative education between individual and neighborhood: a population-based, cohort study

Abstract

Objectives There is increasing recognition of the importance of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) for establishing an age-friendly society. Despite the benefits of improved neighborhood SES, little is known about the link of relative education between individuals and neighborhoods with healthy aging. This study aims to construct a healthy aging index (HAI) accounting for indicators’ interlinkages and to test the association of the HAI with relative education between neighborhoods and individuals. Methods The study used data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study from 2011 to 2018, including middle-aged and older adults (≥ 45 years). The final sample comprised 11633 participants residing in 443 neighborhoods with 34123 observations. Based on 13 health indicators, a hybrid method integrating network analysis with TOPSIS was applied to construct a HAI accounting for health interlinkages. Weighted multilevel linear and ordered logistic models were used to estimate the effects of neighborhood education. Results Among the 11633 participants (mean [SD] age, 58.20 [8.91] years; 6415 women [52.82%]), the mean (SD) HAI was 48.94 (7.55) at baseline, showing a downward trend with age. Approximately 10% of participants had a HAI trajectory characterized by a low starting point and fast decline. A one-year increase in neighborhood education was independently associated with a 0.37-point increase (95% CI, 0.23–0.52) in HAI. Regardless of individual education, each participant tended to gain benefits from a neighborhood with higher education. However, the effects of increased neighborhood education were weaker for individuals whose education was lower than the neighborhood average. Conclusions The HAI is an interaction system. Improving neighborhood education was beneficial to healthy aging, but individuals with lower education relative to the neighborhood average may experience poor person–environment fit and obtain fewer benefits from improved neighborhood education. Thus, in the process of improving neighborhood SES, individual-based interventions should be conducted for individuals whose education level is lower than the neighborhood average to achieve person–environment fit.

Construction of healthy aging index from two different datasets

“…Psychosocial factors, such as wellbeing, depression, and loneliness, are important measures, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic. As these measures are often included in health and retirement studies and are proposed by the WHO for assessment of functional abilities, they can be used in a standardized score of healthy aging ( 5 , 10 , 21 , 24 , 32 – 35 ). Previous research related to the exploration of the intrinsic capacity factors for the Latvian population also confirms this evidence ( 36 , 37 ).…”

“…Such domains as vitality, cognition, and psychology are the most commonly used, i.e., 76% of the reviewed studies reported them. Such domains as locomotion and sensory were reported in only 4-5 studies (7,10,(23)(24)(25).…”

“…Another vital component of healthy aging is social wellbeing, which can be investigated through questions about participation in different social activities, social networks, and social support (1). They were present in some of the reviewed studies (7,21,22,24,29,33,35,38). The only factor included in our construct related to social wellbeing was participation in various social activities.…”