Health System Reconstruction and Nation-Building

Jones, Seth G.; Hilborne, Lee H.; Anthony, C. Ross; Davis, Lois M.; Girosi, Federico; Benard, Cheryl; Swanger, Rachel M.; Garten, Anita Datar; Timilsina, Anga R.

doi:10.7249/rb9237

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…see Freeland, 2015: 5). Examples from the 20th century include the Allied bombing of Germany’s water supply facilities and dams (Jones et al, 2006) and the Soviet destruction of Afghan irrigation systems during the Soviet–Afghanistan War (Formoli, 1995; for other examples, see Troell and Weinthal, 2014). While deliberate attacks on the environment have elicited international condemnation over the last few decades, environmental damage has typically been portrayed as the collateral damage from war.…”

Section: ‘Infrastructural Wars’: Targeting Human Welfare and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting environmental infrastructures, international law, and civilians in the new Middle Eastern wars

2017

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Research in conflict studies and environmental security has largely focused on the mechanisms through which the environment and natural resources foster conflict or contribute to peacebuilding. An understudied area of research, however, concerns the ways in which warfare has targeted civilian infrastructure with long-term effects on human welfare and ecosystems. This article seeks to fill this gap. We focus on better understanding the conflict destruction of water, sanitation, waste, and energy infrastructures, which we term environmental infrastructures, by drawing on an author-compiled database of the post-2011 wars in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). While research across the social sciences has examined the targeting of civilians and environmental destruction during wars, including the issue of urbicide, we expand the study of targeting environmental infrastructure to (1) examine the role of different types of actors (international vs. subnational), (2) document the type of infrastructure targeted, form of attack, and impacts, and (3) situate increased targeting of environmental infrastructure in the changing context of war-making in the MENA. Comparatively analyzing the conflict zones of Libya, Syria, and Yemen, we show that targeting environmental infrastructure is an increasingly prevalent form of war-making in the MENA, with long-term implications for rebuilding states, sustaining livelihoods, and resolving conflicts.

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Section: ‘Infrastructural Wars’: Targeting Human Welfare and The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting environmental infrastructures, international law, and civilians in the new Middle Eastern wars

2017

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“…Thus, overall, we find support for the hypotheses that physical health and/or weakness is related to postconflict targeting. While it has already been established that long periods of civil war have an impact on postconflict consequences, especially public health (Ghobarah, Adam, and Bruce 2003; Jones et al 2006), our findings contribute to a better understanding about who is targeted in fragile postwar peace. Those who emerge from war physically or emotionally damaged are doubly impaired as these maladies make them convenient targets for their adversaries.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 63%

The Security Consequences of Bearing Witness

Meernik

King

2019

Journal of Conflict Resolution

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It is a central assumption of our research that threats to a fragile security and violence can continue during postconflict peacebuilding and that these threats are driven by many of the same sociopolitical dynamics that initially led to war. We examine a critical but much less queried area of postwar societal instability—violence directed at segments of the population who may still be targets for those seeking dominance. Using a survey of 300 individuals who testified before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), we seek to explain violence, threats of violence, and other forms of intimidation directed at those who witnessed human rights violations during the wars in the former Yugoslavia. Our theory of postwar violence emphasizes the vulnerability of the (potential) victims of postwar violence. We argue that victims are selectively chosen because of their vulnerability. We develop and test an alternative explanation for this selective targeting that emphasizes the level of exposure an individual may have because of testifying at the ICTY. The results demonstrate quite convincingly, however, that it is vulnerability rather than exposure risk that predicts who is most likely to be targeted with human security threats.

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“…There is merit to this concern as low–middle income countries are usually burdened with resource deficiencies, complex population socio-economic factors and diverse disease patterns in comparison to developed countries [ 18 ]. International examples of the resulting effects of poor healthcare planning and co-ordination can be seen in countries, such as Haiti, Somalia and Afghanistan; that resulted in inferior population health profiles and inadequate healthcare system infrastructure to support their endeavour to build and improve[ 19 ]. Participants also expressed that there is a pressing need to revisit the deficiencies in current healthcare policies and develop appropriate legislative and regulatory mechanisms before implementing newer policies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Policy developer’s perceptions on the implementation of National Health Insurance in South Africa: a qualitative study

Naidoo

Suleman

Bangalee

2023

J of Pharm Policy and Pract

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Background Universal health coverage has gained significant momentum internationally as the policy solution to address healthcare system deficiencies and promote equitable distribution of quality healthcare. The South African government has adopted this option and developed policy papers for discussion on a National Health Insurance (NHI) system for South Africa. A large part of the policy has been focused on promoting functionality of the primary healthcare system (PHC); to promote an efficient referral pathway. This study sought to explore potential barriers perceived by policy developers that could hinder achieving the NHI goal. Furthermore, given that a large focus is centred on PHC re-engineering, it was imperative to understand participant’s opinions and perspectives on the role of a pharmacist at this level. Methods A qualitative research design was adopted in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten policy developers that were selected via a referral technique. These were audio recorded using a digital voice recorder on an online platform, transcribed verbatim and saved on Microsoft Word® documents. NVivo®, was utilized to facilitate the analysis of data. A thematic analytical approach was used to categorize codes into themes. Results The findings revealed that participants were in agreement that healthcare system reform is crucial in promoting equitable distribution of healthcare services in South Africa. However, the reality of this is dependent on addressing key concerns perceived by participants that have been reported as three major themes: (1) the benefit of NHI implementation; (2) concerns about NHI implementation; (3) implications for pharmacy. Conclusions South Africa is in the second phase of NHI implementation. This phase is focused on the development of sound NHI legislation and structures. This study identified a number of concerns regarding legislative anomalies and role-player involvement that could compromise the efficient implementation of NHI.

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Health System Reconstruction and Nation-Building

Cited by 3 publications

References 0 publications

Targeting environmental infrastructures, international law, and civilians in the new Middle Eastern wars

Targeting environmental infrastructures, international law, and civilians in the new Middle Eastern wars

The Security Consequences of Bearing Witness

Policy developer’s perceptions on the implementation of National Health Insurance in South Africa: a qualitative study

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