Health risks from volatile halogenated hydrocarbons?

Lahl, Uwe; Cetinkaya, M.; Düszeln, J.v.; Stachel, Burkhard; Thiemann, W.; Gabel, B.; Kozicki, R.; Podbielski, Andreas

doi:10.1016/0048-9697(81)90061-9

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…[7] Moreover, the transition from halogenated solvents that pose risks to health and the environment to safer alternatives is required for their application in high-throughput large-scale production. [8][9][10][11] The system composed of the well-known poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) with the NFA molecule O-IDTBR (rhodanine-benzothiadiazole-coupled indacenodithiophene) has been suggested as a great candidate for wide commercialization of OSCs due to the straightforward synthesis and availability in higher quantities of the components [5,12,13] , longer device stability [12,14,15] , compatibility with a wide range of solvents and fabrication techniques [16,17] , as well as high power conversion efficiencies. [12,[14][15][16][17][18] Since its introduction by Holliday et al [12] , there have been many efforts to further push the P3HT:O-IDTBR system from low-throughput and material-wasting laboratory fabrication techniques such as spin-coating to other printing methods with higher throughput.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Inkjet Printing of High‐Efficiency Large‐Area Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells

Corzo

Almasabi

Bihar

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Novel emerging materials for organic solar cells, such as nonfullerene acceptors, are paving the way for commercialization of organic photovoltaics. Their utilization in unconventional applications, such as conformable and disposable electronics, has turned the focus to inkjet printing as a fabrication method with advantages including low material usage, rapid digital design changes, and high resolution. In this work, the fabrication of efficient nonfullerene acceptor devices through inkjet printing for organic photovoltaic applications is reported for the first time. The engineering of printable poly‐3‐hexylthiophene:rhodanine‐benzothiadiazole‐coupled indacenodithiophene (P3HT:O‐IDTBR) inks is centered on tuning the rheological properties for proper droplet ejection and the selection of solvents, including hydrocarbons, that meet solubility and volatility requirements to avoid common inkjet printing complications like nozzle clogging. The optimization of printing parameters including drop spacing and deposition temperatures results in homogeneous P3HT:O‐IDTBR films with device efficiencies of up to 6.47% for small lab‐scale devices (0.1 cm2), comparable with that of spin‐coating or blade‐coating. A 2 cm2 inkjet‐printed device is also shown to achieve a remarkable efficiency of 6%. To demonstrate their potential usage in customized applications, large‐area devices are fabricated in the shape of a marine turtle with 4.76% efficiency, showcasing the versatility of the inkjet‐printing process for efficient organic photovoltaics.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Inkjet Printing of High‐Efficiency Large‐Area Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells

Corzo

Almasabi

Bihar

et al. 2019

Adv Materials Technologies

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These are volatile, poorly biodegradable chemicals with a world‐wide circulation within the air/water system. Contamination of ground water by chlorinated hydrocarbons has become a serious issue in many countries[1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. Throughout the United States the halogenated hydrocarbons most frequently detected in ground water are trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene and 1,1,1‐trichloroethane[6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The possible total human load by chlorinated hydrocarbons in air, water and food has been theoretically evaluated[1, 11]. Wallace et al[8] estimated that drinking water usually supplies less than 1 per cent of the total daily intake for most investigated chemicals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of environmental exposure to trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene

Skender

Karačić

1996

Environmental Management and Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Reveals the possible influence of trichloroethylene (TRI) and tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene, PER) via drinking water on the body burden resulting from a study of 55 subjects with no known solvent exposure, selected from the residents of the city of Zagreb. TRI and PER were determined in blood and their metabolite trichloroacetic acid (TCA) in plasma and urine. Drinking water samples were also analysed for TRI and PER. TRI concentrations in the blood ranged from <0.015‐0.09 μg/L, PER <0.010‐0.239 μg/L, TCA in plasma 8.6‐123.97 μg/L, in urine 1.67‐85.18 μg/24 h, TRI in drinking water 2.58‐22.93 μg/L and PER 0.63‐7.33 μg/L. Correlation analyses reveal significant relationships between TRI and PER in blood (r = 0.428; p = 0.0014), TRI and PER in drinking water (r = 0.767; p = 0.0000), TCA in urine and TCA in plasma (r = 0.629; p = 0.0000), ln TRI in drinking water and ln TCA in plasma (r = 0.322; p = 0.0164) and urine (r = 0.348; p = 0.0093), ln PER in drinking water and ln TCA in plasma (r = 0.370; p = 0.0055) and urine (r = 0.345; p = 0.0098). The latter quantitative relationships between both ln TRI and ln PER in drinking water relate to ln TCA in plasma and urine and may indicate TCA as a possible biologic marker of environmental exposure to TRI and PER.

show abstract