Health risks derived from consumption of lettuces irrigated with tertiary effluent containing norovirus

Sales-Ortells, Helena; Fernández-Cassi, Xavier; Timoneda, Natàlia; Dürig, Wiebke; Gironés, Rosina; Medema, Gertjan

doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2014.08.018

Cited by 32 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…This fact has been highlighted by La Rosa et al (2010) who reported lower prevalence of NoV GI and GII in effluents from a wastewater treatment plant than that observed in our study. Several studies also reported higher occurrence of NoV GI compared to GII in treated wastewater effluents (Da Silva et al 2007;La Rosa et al 2010), while others reported higher prevalence of NoV GII (Sales-Ortells et al 2014). Regarding surface water and similarly to our results, Liang et al (2015) reported the presence of NoV GI and GII in 20 and 48%, respectively, while E. coli was present in 100% of the samples.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…() and Sales‐Ortells et al . () showed that there were no significant differences in NoV concentration between secondary and tertiary treatment effluents. This lack of difference is attributable to the fact that RT‐PCR detects both infective and inactivated viruses (Sobsey et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…), while others reported higher prevalence of NoV GII (Sales‐Ortells et al . ). Regarding surface water and similarly to our results, Liang et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators

et al. 2016

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators

et al. 2016

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“…In general, internalization in leafy greens has been observed after inoculation of high levels of Salmonella and other human pathogens, making difficult an assessment of its importance in real conditions (Warriner and Namvar ). The possible internalization of pathogens inside the plant tissue can also be considered as a data gap and could be relevant to consider in assessing the effect of washing or other decontamination strategies (Sales‐Ortells and others ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some surrogates commonly used for norovirus, such as feline calicivirus strain F‐9, have been shown to be less tolerant to chlorine treatment and thermal processing (Topping and others ; Nowak and others ). In the discussion of growth, survival, removal, and inactivation the possible effect of internalization of pathogens inside the plant tissue can also be considered as a data gap and could be relevant for consideration (Sales‐Ortells and others ). Internalization of human pathogens can occur through root uptake, through cellular structures (stomata), or wounds.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Zero Risk Does Not Exist: Lessons Learned from Microbial Risk Assessment Related to Use of Water and Safety of Fresh Produce

Keuckelaere

Jacxsens

Amoah

et al. 2015

Comp Rev Food Sci Food Safe

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Risk assessments related to use of water and safety of fresh produce originate from both water and food microbiology studies. Although the set-up and methodology of risk assessment in these 2 disciplines may differ, analysis of the current literature reveals some common outcomes. Most of these studies from the water perspective focus on enteric virus risks, largely because of their anticipated high concentrations in untreated wastewater and their resistance to common wastewater treatments. Risk assessment studies from the food perspective, instead, focus mainly on bacterial pathogens such as Salmonella and pathogenic Escherichia coli. Few site-specific data points were available for most of these microbial risk assessments, meaning that many assumptions were necessary, which are repeated in many studies. Specific parameters lacking hard data included rates of pathogen transfer from irrigation water to crops, pathogen penetration, and survival in or on food crops. Data on these factors have been investigated over the last decade and this should improve the reliability of future microbial risk estimates. However, the sheer number of different foodstuffs and pathogens, combined with water sources and irrigation practices, means that developing risk models that can span the breadth of fresh produce safety will be a considerable challenge. The new approach using microbial risk assessment is objective and evidence-based and leads to more flexibility and enables more tailored risk management practices and guidelines. Drawbacks are, however, capacity and knowledge to perform the microbial risk assessment and the need for data and preferably data of the specific region.Keywords: fruits and vegetables, health risk, mitigation strategies, quantitative microbial risk assessment, water Practical Application: This manuscripts intends to give an extensive overview of approaches and challenges of past and future quantitative microbial risk assessment studies in the fresh produce chain related to the use of water in order to aid further research efforts in this area.

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Comparison of fresh versus effluent water irrigation on soil chemical properties of golf course greens and fairways

Isweiri

Qian

Davis

2021

Intl Turfgrass Soc Res J

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In arid and semiarid areas, an increase in water demand has forced urban planners to use alternative water resources for turfgrass irrigation. In this study, the soil chemical properties of push-up greens and fairways on two golf courses that use either effluent water or fresh water were compared. The study was conducted on two golf courses in Wyoming. Golf Course A started to use effluent water for irrigation in 2007 while Golf Course B has always used fresh water. From 2003 to 2013, a total of 238 soil samples of greens (104 from Golf Course A and 134 from Golf Course B) were collected, and 90 soil samples (45 from Golf Course A and 45 from Golf Course B)were collected from fairways. The soil analyses showed that many changes occurred over time due to the use of effluent water irrigation. After 6 yr of using effluent water, soil electrical conductivity (EC) increased but remained well below the critical threshold levels for turf , whereas soil pH increased by 0.42 units. From 2007 to 2012, sodium levels increased by 2-to 5-fold. The availability of micronutrients (Fe and Mn) decreased, especially on greens irrigated with effluent water. Soil phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) levels increased after using effluent water, which would be beneficial for turfgrass and lower fertilization requirements.

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Health risks derived from consumption of lettuces irrigated with tertiary effluent containing norovirus

Cited by 32 publications

References 55 publications

Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators

Occurrence of enteric viruses in reclaimed and surface irrigation water: relationship with microbiological and physicochemical indicators

Zero Risk Does Not Exist: Lessons Learned from Microbial Risk Assessment Related to Use of Water and Safety of Fresh Produce

Comparison of fresh versus effluent water irrigation on soil chemical properties of golf course greens and fairways

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