Health risks associated with bathing in sea water.

Balarajan, R; Raleigh, Veena S; Yuen, P; Wheeler, David C.; Machin, D. H.; Cartwright, Robert H.

doi:10.1136/bmj.303.6815.1444

Cited by 66 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The majority of the "core" taxa were classified as Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes (148,018 pyrotags; 23.4% of all high-quality bacterial V6 pyrotags). Members of these families are consistently identified in the bovine rumen and feces (4,18,19,37), suggesting the importance and presence of a defined niche for these microorganisms.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Structures of Fecal Bacteria in Cattle from Different Animal Feeding Operations

Shanks

Kelty

Archibeque

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

304

255

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The fecal microbiome of cattle plays a critical role not only in animal health and productivity but also in food safety, pathogen shedding, and the performance of fecal pollution detection methods. Unfortunately, most published molecular surveys fail to provide adequate detail about variability in the community structures of fecal bacteria within and across cattle populations. Using massively parallel pyrosequencing of a hypervariable region of the rRNA coding region, we profiled the fecal microbial communities of cattle from six different feeding operations where cattle were subjected to consistent management practices for a minimum of 90 days. We obtained a total of 633,877 high-quality sequences from the fecal samples of 30 adult beef cattle (5 individuals per operation). Sequence-based clustering and taxonomic analyses indicate less variability within a population than between populations. Overall, bacterial community composition correlated significantly with fecal starch concentrations, largely reflected in changes in the Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Firmicutes populations. In addition, network analysis demonstrated that annotated sequences clustered by management practice and fecal starch concentration, suggesting that the structures of bovine fecal bacterial communities can be dramatically different in different animal feeding operations, even at the phylum and family taxonomic levels, and that the feeding operation is a more important determinant of the cattle microbiome than is the geographic location of the feedlot.The enteric microbiota of cattle affects animal health and food safety and is used as an indicator of fecal pollution, which can affect the types and concentrations of indicator organisms in recreational surface waters. The presence of pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the bovine gastrointestinal tract has been linked to disease outbreaks due to the consumption of contaminated beef, milk, and drinking water (3). The average feedlot steer produces 1.62 kg of feces (dry matter) per day (2), resulting in more than 18 million metric tons of feces (dry matter) per year in the United States alone. When bovine fecal waste is moved from feedlot operations for land application as fertilizer or is accidentally discharged into the environment due to severe storms, hazardous events, or failure of onsite waste management practices, pathogenic members of this microbial community, such as E. coli O157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella spp., Leptospira interrogans, and Cryptosporidium parvum (5,14,22,41,44), can pose a serious public health risk.Because of the enormous influence the fecal bacterial community of cattle has on the beef and dairy industry, the economy, and public health, a great deal of research has been conducted to characterize the effects of animal age, disease state, feeding practices, and antibiotic treatments on cattle fecal microorganisms. Many of the most comprehensive studies use DNA-based methodologies, such as sequencing of the full-length 16S rRNA gen...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community Structures of Fecal Bacteria in Cattle from Different Animal Feeding Operations

Shanks

Kelty

Archibeque

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

304

255

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Formal epidemiology studies illustrate that microbial contamination from sewage and runoff poses a health risk to swimmers (e.g., [6][7][8][9]. Specific health outcomes include gastrointestinal illness (GI) and severe respiratory disease (10).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterococci Predictions from Partial Least Squares Regression Models in Conjunction with a Single-Sample Standard Improve the Efficacy of Beach Management Advisories

Hou

Rabinovici

Boehm

2006

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Beach health advisories are issued if enterococci (ENT) densities exceed the 30-d geometric mean or singlesample water quality criteria. Current ENT enumeration procedures require 1 day of incubation; therefore, beach managers make policy decisions using 1-day-old data. This is tantamount to using a model that assumes ENT density on day t is equal to ENT density on day t -1. Research has shown that ENT densities vary over time scales shorter than a day, calling into question the usefulness of the current model for decision-making. We created Dynamic Partial Least Square Regression (DPLSR) models for ENT at water quality monitoring stations within two adjacent marine recreational sites, Huntington State Beach (HSB) and Huntington City (HCB) Beach, California, using publicly available environmental data and tested whether these models overcome the drawbacks of the current model. The DPLSR models provide a better prediction of ENT than the current models based on comparisons of rootmean-square errors of prediction and the numbers of type 1 and 2 errors. We compared outcomes in terms of predicted illness, swimmers deterred from entering the water, and net benefits to swimmers for hypothetical management scenarios where beach advisories were issued based on (a) the previously collected sample's ENT density in conjunction with the two water quality criteria, and (b) predictions from DPLSR models in conjunction with the singlesample standard. At both HSB and HCB the DPLSR scenario produced a more favorable balance between illness prevention and recreational access. The results call into question the current method of beach management and show that model-informed decision-making and elimination of the geometric mean standard will aid beach managers in achieving more favorable outcomes in terms of illness and access than are presently achieved using 1-day-old measurements, especially at beaches where water quality problems are chronic.

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“…Natural waters contaminated with feces harbor pathogens and are a significant risk to human health (3,15,27). Fecal pollution also leads to economic losses due to closure of shellfish-harvesting and recreational areas.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Basin-Wide Analysis of the Dynamics of Fecal Contamination and Fecal Source Identification in Tillamook Bay, Oregon

Shanks

Nietch

Simonich

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The objectives of this study were to elucidate spatial and temporal dynamics in source-specific Bacteroidales 16S rRNA genetic marker data across a watershed; to compare these dynamics to fecal indicator counts, general measurements of water quality, and climatic forces; and to identify geographic areas of intense exposure to specific sources of contamination. Samples were collected during a 2-year period in the Tillamook basin in Oregon at 30 sites along five river tributaries and in Tillamook Bay. We performed Bacteroidales PCR assays with general, ruminant-source-specific, and human-source-specific primers to identify fecal sources. We determined the Escherichia coli most probable number, temperature, turbidity, and 5-day precipitation. Climate and water quality data collectively supported a rainfall runoff pattern for microbial source input that mirrored the annual precipitation cycle. Fecal sources were statistically linked more closely to ruminants than to humans; there was a 40% greater probability of detecting a ruminant source marker than a human source marker across the basin. On a sample site basis, the addition of fecal source tracking data provided new information linking elevated fecal indicator bacterial loads to specific point and nonpoint sources of fecal pollution in the basin. Inconsistencies in E. coli and host-specific marker trends suggested that the factors that control the quantity of fecal indicators in the water column are different than the factors that influence the presence of Bacteroidales markers at specific times of the year. This may be important if fecal indicator counts are used as a criterion for source loading potential in receiving waters.

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Health risks associated with bathing in sea water.

Cited by 66 publications

References 1 publication

Community Structures of Fecal Bacteria in Cattle from Different Animal Feeding Operations

Community Structures of Fecal Bacteria in Cattle from Different Animal Feeding Operations

Enterococci Predictions from Partial Least Squares Regression Models in Conjunction with a Single-Sample Standard Improve the Efficacy of Beach Management Advisories

Basin-Wide Analysis of the Dynamics of Fecal Contamination and Fecal Source Identification in Tillamook Bay, Oregon

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